tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61847761896565614992024-03-14T02:31:23.453-07:00Imperial Russian Airpower WWIMitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.comBlogger22125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-47621443148452075502016-12-31T22:06:00.000-08:002016-03-16T10:24:12.767-07:00Imperial Russian Air Service <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Morane-Saulnier Type I, Imperial Russian Air
Service. The most combat seen by the <b>Type I</b> was in the hands of the 2nd,
7th, and 19th Fighter Detachments of the Imperial Russian Air Service. The
Russian fighter pilot Ivan Smirnoff of the 19th Fighter Detachment was probably
the only one who attained five or more victories flying either the <b>Type N</b>,
<b>Type I</b>, or <b>Type V</b> Morane 'Bullet' monoplanes.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Imperial Russian Air Service had its origin in the
observation balloon units that were formed in 1885 and expanded after the
Russo-Japanese War. In 1909, the czar’s cousin, Grand Prince Mikhail Aleksandrovich
Romanov, recognized the military implications of Louis Blériot’s historic
flight across the English Channel and began to promote aviation in Russia. As a
result of his sponsorship, in 1910 both the army and the navy established
flying services, with Grand Prince Mikhail himself commanding the Army Air
Service. He bought aircraft abroad and promoted the founding of domestic
aviation firms such as Dux, Grigorevich, RBVZ, Anatra, Lebedev, and Sikorsky. </div>
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<br /></div>
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During the next few years, flying became fashionable among
the younger nobility and included a number of women pilots. One of these early
female pilots, Princess Evgeniya Shakhovskaya, joined the air service in 1914
and became the world’s first female combat pilot. </div>
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<br /></div>
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In contrast to its general image as backward and unprepared,
Russia in August 1914 had the largest air force in the world, with some 250–300
aircraft and 11 airships. Germany, by contrast, had 230–246 aircraft and
Austria only 35; France and Britain had 160 and 110 aircraft, respectively. Although
historians have pointed out that most of Russia’s aircraft were old and almost
unflyable, the designs of other countries in 1914 were not much better. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Russia’s real problem lay in its industrial infrastructure,
which was totally inadequate to keep pace with the design and production of
military aircraft, which evolved rapidly during World War I. Instead, Russia
was soon reduced to purchasing outdated castoffs from Britain and France and
trying to produce licensed copies, generally in inadequate numbers. There were
two significant exceptions to this grim scene. The Grigorevich firm produced a
series of small and medium flying boats that proved superior to the Germans’ in
combat over the eastern Baltic and Black Seas, and the Sikorsky factory designed
and produced the world’s first four-motor heavy bomber, the Ilya Muromets.
During the war 93 Ilya Murometses were produced and flew 400 sorties, dropping
65 tons of bombs and proving almost indestructible to German fighters. </div>
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<br /></div>
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There were also difficulties finding adequate numbers of
recruits capable of being trained as pilots and observers, as illiterate
peasants still constituted more than 90 percent of the population. Still, the
Imperial Russian Air Service was able to grow from about 40 detachments in 1914
to 135 detachments by the time Russia left the war. </div>
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<br /></div>
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During the war, 26 Russian pilots became aces, scoring a
total of 188 air victories. Among them was leading ace Aleksandr Kozakov, but
possibly the most significant was Captain Aleksandr Nikolaevich Prokofiev de
Severskii, who scored six air victories as a naval pilot flying over the Baltic
in 1916 after his leg had been amputated in 1915. After the Russian Revolution
he emigrated to the United States, achieving fame as Alexander de Seversky. While
the achievements of Russia’s air aces seem paltry next to those of Germany,
France, and Britain, we should remember that even over the Western Front aerial
combat was a rarity until late 1915. Suitable fighting machines began to appear
only in 1916, and almost all the leading Western aces scored the great majority
of their victories in 1917 and 1918, by which time the Russians had already
left the war. Further, the vast spaces of the Eastern Front and the fewer
numbers of German and Austrian aircraft committed meant that contact between
enemy aircraft occurred less often. </div>
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<br /></div>
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After the abdication of Nicholas II in February 1917, the
army, and the air service in particular, continued fighting, and the air
service even continued fighting briefly after the Bolshevik coup in November.
However, as the army collapsed and ground crews went over to the communists,
operations became impossible. Some of the noble pilots were lynched by
revolutionary ground crews, and others either went over themselves or fled to
areas controlled by the anticommunist Whites. The Imperial Russian Air Service
became ashes, out of which emerged the Air Fleet of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red
Army.<br />
^<br />
^ </div>
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<b>References</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Durkota, Alan, Thomas Darcey, and Viktor Kulikov, <i>The
Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots and Aircraft of World War I. </i>Mountain
View, CA: Flying Machines Press, 1995, pp. 58–71.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-367669007596124842016-03-16T10:20:00.001-07:002016-03-16T10:25:40.805-07:00The Russian Military Air Fleet I<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yQtOjHmM9eQ/VVGC4VPbpRI/AAAAAAAAx4U/48qLRtu2GE4W_3Vey0t95sVVubnnhbrXA/s1600/Ilya%2BMuromets%2Bfights%2Boff%2Bnumerous%2Battackers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yQtOjHmM9eQ/VVGC4VPbpRI/AAAAAAAAx4U/48qLRtu2GE4W_3Vey0t95sVVubnnhbrXA/s400/Ilya%2BMuromets%2Bfights%2Boff%2Bnumerous%2Battackers.jpg" width="313" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
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In 1885 a military balloon school was opened near St
Petersburg. The value of military balloonists was demonstrated during the
Russo-Japanese War by the accurate observation of Japanese troop movements at
distances up to 8km (5 miles). In 1906 it was decided to increase the number of
balloon units from one to ten battalions within a time frame dictated by the
military budget. During the next year three battalions and a training unit were
established as were eight companies dedicated exclusively to observation from
fortresses. Large airships with engines capable of speeds exceeding 40km (25
mph) and the capacity to carry bombs and undertake long-range reconnaissance
were seen as the future of aerial warfare.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Airships</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In July 1909 an order was placed with the Army Airship Works
in St Petersburg for a semi-rigid airship. During October 1910 the airship was
accepted into service. Over the next three years several powered airships were
imported from France and Germany and a smaller number built domestically. By 1914
the Air Fleet possessed fifteen airships, only four of which were to see
limited service. However, experience during the early war period had clearly
demonstrated the vulnerability of such large targets that were difficult to
manoeuvre and hugely expensive in material and human resources. Although the
airships had carried out a few missions the results were negligible. On the
other hand tethered balloons had demonstrated their worth as artillery
observation platforms, they did not require the resources of the large ships
and were easier to replace and maintain.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By the autumn of 1914 airships were being phased out of
service and their equipment and their men reassigned to observation balloon
units. The tiny Russian aircraft industry now devoted its limited capacity to
the production of aeroplanes.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aeroplanes</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During the first decade of the twentieth century heavier
than air machines were still in their infancy. When in 1909 Louis Bleriot flew
the English Channel, the military began to take them seriously. If nothing else
an aeroplane was capable of carrying out reconnaissance missions over a broader
landscape than a tethered balloon with its limited horizon.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The driving force behind the use of aeroplanes was the Grand
Duke Alexander Mikhailovitch, a cousin of the Tsar. In January 1910 the Section
of the Air Fleet was formed. By 1914 this department would be known as the
Russian Military Air Fleet headed by the Grand Duke Alexander. A Bleriot
monoplane was bought from France and six officers went there to learn about
aviation. During 1911 the St Petersburg balloon facility was expanded to
include aeroplane pilot training. To enable all-year-round training another
base was opened in the sunnier climes of the Crimea near Sebastopol. A plan to
create ten air detachments by the end of 1912 failed as pilot recruitment and
training was slow. Therefore it was agreed that non-commissioned officers and
other ranks could be trained as pilots. The majority of the first volunteers
were from the artillery as observation for the guns and reconnaissance were the
prime remit for the Air Fleet.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Pilot training was rudimentary and involved courses in
flight theory, mechanics and practical flight training. During the latter the
student would sit behind the instructor and simply watch what he did. Having
accompanied an instructor for three or four hours the student would then fly
solo for thirty minutes and, having performed several figures of eight, attempt
to land. If the student passed the theory and survived the practical he
graduated as a pilot.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Lieutenant P. N. Nesterov performed the world’s first full
loop of an aircraft on 8 September 1913 in a Nieuport IV. Although placed under
arrest for endangering, “…a machine, the property of his government,” Nesterov
was soon promoted to Staff-Captain.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Domestic production
and imports</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The machines available to the Air Fleet were, almost without
exception, imported from France or made in Russia under licence. Various types
made by Henri Farman, Morane Saulnier, Nieuport, Bleriot and Deperdussin were
issued to flying units with little or no thought given to the problems of
having such a miscellany in one formation.</div>
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<br /></div>
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There were four major Russian aircraft manufacturers: Dux in
Moscow, Antara in Odessa and Lebedev and the Russo-Baltic Railway Wagon Company
(RBVZ) in Petrograd. Before the war approximately 600 aircraft had been built
in Russia, some of these were one-off, experimental machines, but the majority
were licensed copies or the machines noted above. During the war over 5,500
aircraft were produced under licence of which 1,100 were seaplanes for the navy
that operated a separate air fleet. The numbers are low in comparison with
Allied and German production figures but the Russian aero-industry was
hamstrung by its limited ability to manufacture engines. Virtually all the
engines were imported from France for final assembly in Russian factories.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Repair, maintenance and the provision of spares were, within
a short space of time, to assume nightmarish proportions. Although flying the
aircraft was relatively simple the mechanical work was not. A pilot required
little time to convert between aircraft types but the ground staff needed to
know as many as five or six different engines and airframes. During autumn and
winter aircraft had to be fitted with skis which, given the often unmade nature
of airfields, made take-off and landing risky in the extreme.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Organisation</b></div>
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By the summer of 1914 the Air Fleet’s inventory numbered
some 250 aircraft and a little over 200 pilots. Of these aircraft, 145 were
frontline types and of the pilots thirty-six were NCOs. Germany and Austria had
roughly 300 aircraft divided between the Eastern, Western and Serbian fronts.
On paper the Air Fleet was a formidable protagonist and certainly capable of
waging the short war that was generally anticipated.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The organisation was based on six aviation companies that
acted as depots for twenty-eight Air Detachments attached to individual army
corps with nine in the major fortresses. The HQ of the Air Fleet was eventually
established in Kiev. The Grand Duke Alexander commanded the units supporting SW
Front, General A. V. Kaul’bars those on NW Front. There was no attempt to
standardise the six machines within a detachment. Initially the task of the Air
Fleet was observation and reconnaissance.</div>
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<br /></div>
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It rapidly became obvious that it was necessary to intercept
enemy machines similarly employed. Although various engineers had experimented
with interrupter gear nothing satisfactory had been developed and the problem
of firing through the propeller remained. Therefore it was only possible to arm
the observer behind or in front of the pilot. At first only carbines or pistols
were carried but the chances of hitting the enemy pilot were negligible. So
other, equally lethal, methods were experimented with such as swinging hooks on
ropes or throwing hand grenades and darts. But it was Staff Captain P N
Nesterov’s ramming of an Austrian aircraft that was to gain him a second entry
in the history books. Austrian fliers had attacked the airfield of Nesterov’s
11th Aviation Detachment on 8 September 1914, so it was necessary to regain the
unit’s honour. Nesterov took off in his Morane-Saulnier G and rapidly gained
altitude. Flying above the Austrian, Nesterov put his aircraft into a dive, his
propeller slashed into his enemy’s wing and both aircraft plunged into the
ground. Both Nesterov and the Austrians were killed. This dramatic act of
self-sacrifice caught the mood of the time and the imagination of the public
and service alike. As the citation of his Order of St George 4th Class read,
“Nesterov died the death of a hero in that battle.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although notable for its lack of aerial combat, 1914 was
remarkable for the attrition rate caused by the inexperience of the pilots and
incidents of damage by friendly fire. Russian troops, unaccustomed to
innovation being anything other than foreign, automatically assumed all
aircraft to be hostile and consequently opened up with everything they had
despite orders to the contrary.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By the end of 1914 the Air Fleet had lost 146 planes and the
units on SW Front had been reduced to eight serviceable aircraft, resulting in
the majority of frontline units being withdrawn for repair and re-equipping.
Nonetheless the Air Fleet had performed its task well. General A. A. Brusilov,
not initially an aviation enthusiast, commented on the effect of aerial
reconnaissance at the battle of Gorodek in September 1914 thus. “This report
[produced by aerial reconnaissance] could not have been made except by
aeroplane…it gave me time to bring all my reserves to the assistance of the VII
and VIII Corps.”<br />^</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During the course of the winter 1914–15 the fragility of the
machines and the severity of the weather precluded much flying by either side.
Indeed the lack of good, weatherproof shelter for the aircraft caused many
problems particularly damage to the fabric covering of the wings.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Russian retreat from Poland led to a restructuring of
the Air Fleet bringing the number of detachments up to Fifty-eight. The
fortress units became Corps Detachments. When Novo-Georgievsk fortress
surrendered during August 1915 pilots of its aviation detachment broke the news
to Stavka. The pilots flew out the garrison’s standards and were redesignated
the XXXIII Corps Detachment. The speed of the retreat resulted in the loss of
aircraft on the ground as unserviceable planes were often abandoned.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By the autumn of 1915 the Air Fleet had re-established
itself along the length of the front. In the rear four or five training schools
were now producing pilots who were able to draw on the combat experience of men
such as Military Pilot Y. N. Kruten. Kruten wrote six pamphlets with titles
such as “Air Combat” and “Manual of a Fighter Pilot” and defined the classic
sequence of aerial warfare as altitude, speed, manoeuvre and attack.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-49857850103881968332016-03-16T10:19:00.001-07:002016-03-16T10:25:06.358-07:00The Russian Military Air Fleet II<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Captured aircraft</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As many of the early planes were unarmed and mechanically
unreliable pilots were sometimes driven down inside hostile territory. If the
crew were unable to destroy the plane it would be captured. The Russians made
extensive use of captured Albatros and Aviatik two-seaters. Another bonus of capturing
enemy planes was the opportunity to copy their technology. One such instance
was the Lebedev 12 that incorporated features from the L.V.G C. II and the
Albatros BI. Engines were taken from enemy aircraft and installed in Russian
machines, as were any other useful parts. At the end of 1917 about seventeen
captured aircraft were in Russian service, the number captured throughout the
war is estimated at between 120 and 150, many of which were cannibalised for
parts.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Imported aircraft</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Between 1914 and 1917 the Allies supplied Russia with 1800
aircraft but many of these were left to rot on the quaysides of Murmansk and
Archangel due to limited transport and storage facilities. The quality of these
(mainly French) aircraft was variable. Naturally the French government was not
going to provide the Russians with the most up to date models, and so it was
that the Air Fleet received a number of obsolete or unpopular machines. A prime
example of the latter was the Spad A.2, a remarkably hideous design. Heartily disliked
by its French crews approximately fifty A.2s were shipped to Russia in 1917
where they rapidly gained a reputation as death traps. Later that year the
French supplied the Spad VII, one of their best fighters of the period.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From late 1916 Britain supplied 251 aircraft amongst which
were the B.E.2e, Vickers F.B.19 and Sopwith 11/2 Strutters, a combination of
reconnaissance, fighters and bombers respectively.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The E.V.K.</b></div>
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force to possess the four-engined long-range aircraft, the Il’ya Muromets (IM)
named after a legendary Russian folk hero. The first IM had flown in early
1913. It was an immense machine with a wingspan of 27m (88 feet) and a fuselage
length of 19m (65 feet). During the next year redesign and modifications were
undertaken and the War Ministry placed an order for ten IMs to undertake
long-range reconnaissance and bombing missions, followed by a second for
thirty-two machines of an improved type. The IM had an enclosed cabin with
windows and a glass floor section that provided excellent vision for the pilot,
cameraman and bomb aimer, at a height of 2,000m (6,562 feet). Ideally it was
suited for the bomber role. By August 1914 only two IMs had been completed, IM
I and IM II. IM I was sent by rail to Brest-Litovsk whilst IM II flew to the
same destination. Unfortunately IM II was damaged by friendly fire, forced to
land and complete the journey by train.</div>
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<br /></div>
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RBVZ, travelled to Stavka, pleaded his case and the order was reinstated. In
January 1915 the Command of the Squadron of Flying Ships, better known by its
Russian acronym of UEVK, was established at Jablonna north of Warsaw. The first
commander of the UEVK, with the rank of Major General, was Shidlovsky himself.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The first bombing mission against German positions on 15
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UEVK. Better cameras were installed, as were rudimentary bombsights. On later
models 1,000 kg (2,200 lbs) of bombs could be carried. The defence of an IM
rested with three to four machine gunners, although on a bombing mission the
norm was three. The machine guns carried were Madsen, Maxim, Lewis and Colt.
Often a mixture of guns was carried on each plane, and as the reliability of
each one varied considerably this probably enabled the gunners to choose the
most suitable weapon for them. The final IM series, the E, featured a
retractable belly gun bay and a tail gunner. One early IM had been armed with a
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<br /></div>
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In May 1915 the UEVK became the EVK. Interestingly, it was a
tail-gunner with the EVK named Marcel Pliat from the French colony of Tahiti
who was to become the first black aviator to shoot down an aircraft in combat.</div>
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<br /></div>
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As more IMs, improved with experience gained in combat,
rolled off the production line a detachment of two IMs was established to
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forced the relocation of NW Front’s IM base from Jablonna to Pskov with another
at Minsk. Such was the success of IM production from mid-1915 to early 1916
that a Third Combat Detachment was formed at Minsk to fly in support of the
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<br />
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over by nationalists towards the end of 1917.</div>
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<br /></div>
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action, one to fighters and two to ground fire all during 1915. Several were
lost through mechanical failure or accident.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Caucasian Front</b></div>
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The fighting on the Caucasian front began in November 1914.
The prewar establishment comprised the 1st Caucasian Corps Air Detachment based
in the fortress of Kars in Russian Armenia. Details of operations during
1914–1915 are scarce but there is a reference to some twenty aircraft carrying
out reconnaissance during the Russian offensive of early 1916. The 1st Siberian
Air Detachment operated on this front. Certainly at least one aeroplane
operated with the Russian forces in Persia as a photograph exists of the Shah
inspecting one in Teheran during 1916.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Overview</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The air war on the Eastern Front was less intense than that
in the west. The sheer scale of the combat zone played a part as fewer aircraft
had to cover such a huge area. However, the Air Service did have several pilots
of note. To achieve the status of “Ace” it was necessary to have five kills
confirmed by the men on the ground. Each member of a plane’s crew that
destroyed an enemy machine was credited with that victory.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-31483382633525267522015-08-16T02:43:00.000-07:002015-08-16T02:43:46.786-07:00Soviet Doctrine<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU">I have described a world of complex
military realities that Soviet thinkers confronted during the 1920s and 1930s.
To be sure other military cultures and thinkers, including Giulio Douhet,
William "Billy" Mitchell, J.F.C. Fuller and B.H. Liddell Hart, also
contributed to intellectual ferment and "new thinking" during the
same era. The Soviets were distinctive for the following reasons: <br />
<br />
They maintained a consistent focus on the conduct of large-scale,
ground-oriented operations. <br />
They worried obsessively about linking separate aspects of their thought about
the changing nature of operations to larger and smaller military realities. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU"><br />
They produced an entire school of thinkers, not just individuals laboring in
isolation from one another and their military cultures. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU"><br />
They undertook a systematic historical study of operations since Napoleon's
time to understand what had changed and why. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU"><br />
Soviet army theorists emerged from this quest with what they felt were
fundamental keys to understanding change: The shifting content of military
strategy, the evolving nature of operations themselves and the disaggregation
of military structures. An important underlying assumption was that these
developments owed much of their significance to the impact of changing
technology over time. <br />
<br />
The Soviets perceived that evolving military theory and practice had led to a
situation in which the strategy of an entire nation at war had become a kind of
intellectual and organizational continuum linking broad fighting front with
large supporting rear. That is, strategy was what guided a nation in preparing
for and waging contemporary and future war, while the conduct of operations was
rapidly assuming sufficient identity to warrant attention in itself, albeit not
in isolation from strategy and tactics. The conscious understanding was that
strategy-more precisely, military strategy-had ballooned to encompass a host of
activities, including higher-level planning and preparation, resource
orchestration and priority and objective identification, all of which
culminated in the direct application of military power for the state's goals.6
In short, strategy had come to mean something akin to what Colonel Arthur F.
Lykke Jr. would later define as orchestrating and linking "ends, ways and
means" to the attain national security objectives.7 <br />
<br />
This development, when coupled with the increasing complexity of operations,
caused a gap to open between the traditional understanding of strategy and
tactics. Some commentators filled this gap with the term "grand
tactics" while others searched for analogous terms, including
"applied strategy" and operatika (Russian circa 1907), to define what
the more traditional understanding of strategy had once described as happening
within theater.8 For a time, under military theorist Sigismund W. von
Schlichting's influence, the Germans toyed with operativ, but they do not
appear to have elaborated it with any degree of persistence and consistency.9
Under the influence of varied perspectives and preoccupations, other
commentators saw no gap and therefore found little reason to worry about it,
continuing to regard tactics and strategy as directly linked. <br />
<br />
In contrast, by 1922 the Soviets were beginning to fill the
"terminological gap" with something they called "operational
art," and they would spend much of the 1920s and 1930s developing a more
complete understanding of this concept and its implications.10 At first, it was
a term Soviet army thinkers used to bridge the gap between strategy and tactics
and to describe more precisely the discipline that governed the preparation for
and conduct of operations. In 1926, a Soviet theorist and former Imperial Russian
General Staff officer, Aleksandr A. Svechin, captured the essence of linkages
among the new three-part understanding of military art when he wrote,
"Tactics makes up the steps from which operational leaps are assembled.
Strategy points out the path."11 Not surprisingly, a new department,
Conduct of Operations, appeared alongside the conventional Departments of
Strategy and Tactics at the Soviet
Staff Academy.
<br />
<br />
The new understanding of the relationship among the three components of
military art provided impulse for a second factor-steady focus on the evolving
nature of operations, with implications for future war. In accordance with the
foregoing discussion, the Soviets understood that the industrial revolution had
changed the face of modern operations. They knew that operations now had to be
consciously differentiated from battles, which were shorter in duration, more
limited in scope and outcome and more episodic in nature. Moreover, World War I
had driven home the realization that single operations in themselves rarely
produced strategic decision. Decision now came as the result of a whole complex
of successive, simultaneous and related operations. The Soviets also perceived
that operations as diverse as those of World War I and their own civil war had
much in common. This realization came primarily from an understanding that
logistics and rail and road nets played a key role in determining the scale,
scope and depth of modern military operations.12 During the mid-1920s, Soviet
army Staff Chief Mikhail N. Tukhachevskiy ordered the faculty that taught the
conduct of operations at the staff academy to incorporate logistics into their
operational-level exercises. Some Russian commentators later asserted that
consideration of support in tandem with operations actually gave birth to the
concept of Soviet operational art.13 <br />
<br />
Soviet theorist Georgiy S. Isserson provided the necessary insight: That armies
since the onset of World War I had witnessed a "disaggregation of
forces." That is, between 1914 and the early 1930s, the steady march of
technology had resulted in the structural evolution of armed forces whose
organizations now reflected greater diversity and whose weaponry had become
increasingly differentiated by range and combat effect. For continental-style
armies, these forces bore only superficial resemblance to their past
counterparts. In 1914, for example, despite differences in movement and combat
technique, infantry and cavalry represented two aspects of a fairly homogeneous
force moved by muscle on the battlefield and supported by similar kinds of
artillery. The operational radius and combat effects of these forces were still
relatively limited in depth and scope. However, by the 1930s, new structures
and weapons had evolved to accompany the introduction of aircraft, armor and
long-range artillery into battles and operations. What resulted was a more
heterogeneous force, but more important, a force whose qualities and
attri-butes required a new order of thought and preparation before they could
be systematically applied to military ends. <br />
<br />
Isserson saw that a primary purpose of operational art was to reaggregate the
diverse effects and operational characteristics of these forces either
simultaneously or sequentially across a much larger theater of combat
operations.14 <br />
<br />
These and related impulses came together during the 1930s to produce the Soviet
concept of deep operations. With the massive application of new technologies,
the Soviets swept away the older geometries of point and line to settle on the advantages
of extending a force vector in depth. The requirement was to mobilize a diverse
combat array, including infantry, armor, airborne, long-range artillery and air
power, then orchestrate this array's multiple effects through an operation both
sequentially and simultaneously in three dimensions. The object in the
offensive was to attack an enemy's defenses as near simultaneously as possible
throughout their depth to effect a catastrophic disintegration of their entire
defense system. The concept was to accomplish a penetration by blasting and
crushing a path through the tactical zone; then insert a powerful mobile group
for exploitation into the operational depths. For maximum decisive effect, the
Soviets envisioned these operations as driven from the top down, starting at
front (army group) and proceeding down through army and corps levels.15 <br />
<br />
Although the Soviets did not ignore other operational issues, the theory and
practice of deep operations occupied center stage for Soviet operational art
during the 1930s. Operational art required the practitioner to: <br />
<br />
Identify strategic objectives within theater. <br />
Visualize a theater in three dimensions. <br />
Determine what sequence of military actions-preparation, organization, support,
battles and command arrangements-would bring the attainment of those
objectives. <br />
After analyzing previous operations, and assuming massive injections of armor
and airpower, the Soviets calculated that future operations might occupy up to
300 kilometers of frontage, extend to a depth of about 250 kilometers and have
a duration of 30 to 45 days. Consequently, these operations would be closely
tied to the attainment of objectives determined by larger strategic
requirements, while overall success would rest on the ability to integrate logistics
and tactics into the larger design. <br />
<br />
Linkages between fighting front and large supporting rear were also clear. For
various reasons, including a close reading of Carl von Clausewitz's work, the
digestion of lessons from the home front in World War I and a growing sense
that victory in future war would depend on the state's total resources, the
Soviets gravitated to a view that future conflict would be systemic and
protracted. During the 1930s, Joseph Stalin's policies of agricultural
collectivization and massive industrialization amounted to a peacetime
mobilization of Soviet society. A succession of five-year plans built
infrastructure for future war and produced much of the military hardware
required for deep operations. The transformation-even militarization-of Soviet
society stood as grim testimony to linkages between strategic vision and
operational-level capability.16 <br />
<br />
Stalin's potential German adversaries inherited a different military legacy and
worked from a different philosophical base. After lightning victories over the
French in 1870 and 1871, much of the rationale behind German military planning
had been to devise initial operations of sufficient scope and speed that they
would bring about the enemy's capitulation during a single brief campaign of
annihilation. The assumption was that modern society had become too fragile to
withstand the dislocations of extended military conflict. The World War I
experience seemed to confirm earlier apprehensions: Protractedness had brought
the "Hydra-headed" dangers of attrition, domestic exhaustion and
political instability, even revolution. <br />
<br />
As the German Reichswehr emerged from the Versailles-imposed 1920s' cocoon to
become Hitler's Wehrmacht in the late 1930s, emphasis once again fell upon
avoidance. From a near-intuitive grasp of the military potential resident in
the same technologies the Soviets were developing, the Germans fashioned
blitzkrieg, a stunning response to the challenges, including protractedness,
inherent in positional warfare. The marriage of air power and armor with combat
technique gave birth to a combined arms concept with immediate tactical
application and important operational implications. Once again the siren-like
calls of annihilation and rapid decision summoned the Germans to rocky military
shores.17 <br />
<br />
In retrospect, the new German vision for "lightning war" had at least
two major shortcomings, one of which was accepted as self-imposed. The first
was that operators and planners failed to embed blitzkrieg in a coherent vision
for the conduct of operations, something which might have come about if the
Germans had bothered with developing their own legacy of operativ.18 Experience
could overcome this problem. The second and more important shortcoming was that
the Germans failed beyond the obvious and superficial to consider important
systemic linkages between fighting front and supporting domestic rear.
Nevertheless, Hitler found the new vision congenial with his own grasp of
strategy, while the successes of 1939 to 1942 obscured the more profound
difficulties of mobilizing the home front.19 <br />
<br />
In contrast, the Soviet vision possessed impressive coherence, but it is
important to note that Moscow
did not initially have all the answers. The very nature of Soviet military
culture, coupled with the requirements of continental-style warfare, meant that
the Soviets retained a very limited view of operational arts' air and naval
components. The chief purpose of air power was to serve the ground operation,
while the primary role of naval forces was to defend the coastline and to
extend the geographical limits of conventional land-oriented theaters of
military actions. In addition, other circumstances peculiar to the Soviet
situation prevented the Soviet army from drawing timely benefit from an
understanding of operational art. Thanks to a series of circumstances,
including Stalin's officer corps' purge in 1937 and 1938, misinterpretation of
lessons learned from the Spanish Civil War (1936 to 1939), the necessity to
assimilate huge quantities of troops and new technology and Hitler's ability to
effect surprise in 1941, the Soviets did poorly in World War II's opening
stages on the Eastern Front.20 Not until 1943 did they emerge from the hard
school of experience to return to a more perfect version of operational
art-with devastating consequences for the Wehrmacht. <br />
<br />
From Stalingrad to Berlin during 1943 to 1945, the Soviets
perfected front and multi-front sequential and simultaneous operations.
Stalin's marshals learned to command and control these operations in depth and
breadth while coordinating air support with armored thrusts. From 1944 on,
mobility and maneuver assumed increasing significance, in part because the
Germans could no longer replace losses, and because lend-lease trucks enabled the
Soviets to stretch the limits of logistic support. Doctrine and practice
gradually evolved to emphasize the most complex of modern ground operations-the
encirclement-which the Soviets successfully executed about 50 times on the
Eastern Front. The Soviets decisively turned the tables on the Germans and, in
so doing, demonstrated a mastery of the military art that compared favorably
with earlier German successes.21</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
1. The developments of the 1920s are summarized in James J. Schneider, <i>The
Structure of Strategic Revolution: Total War and the Roots of the Soviet
Warfare State</i> (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1994), chapters 5 and 6. <br />
2. R.A. Savushkin, "K voprosu o zarozhdenii teorii posledovatel'nykh
operatsiy" [Toward the Question of the Origin of the Theory of Successive
Operations], <i>Voyenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal</i> [Military-Historical Journal]
(May 1983), 79-81. <br />
3. A superb analysis of the changing nature of strategy within a theater is
Georgiy S. Isserson, <i>Evolyutsiya operativnogo iskusstva</i> [The Evolution
of Operational Art], 2d ed. (Moscow: Gosvoyenizdat, 1937), 18-28. <br />
4. Ibid., 34-37. <br />
5. The acute perceptions of a contemporary appear in Freiherr Hugo F.P. von
Freytag-Loringhoven, <i>Deductions from the World War</i> (New York: G.P.
Putnam's Sons, 1918), 101-6. <br />
6. The classic example of this trend was Aleksandr A. Svechin's textbook <tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Strategiya</span></tt> [Strategy], 2d ed. (Moscow:
Voyennyy Vestnik, 1927), which has been edited by Kent D. Lee and translated
into English as Aleksandr A. Svechin, <tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Strategy</span></tt>
(Minneapolis, MN: East View Publications, 1992); the first chapter describes
"strategy in a number of military disciplines." <br />
7. Arthur F. Lykke Jr., "Toward an Understanding of Military
Strategy," in COL Arthur F. Lykke Jr., editor, <i>Military Strategy:
Theory and Application</i> (Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army War College, 1989),
3-7. <br />
8. A.A. Kersnovskiy, <tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Filosofiya voyny</span></tt>
[The Philosophy of War] (Belgrade: Izd. Tsarskogo Vestnika, 1939), 31. <br />
9. See the commentary in Freiherr Hugo F.P. von Freytag-Loringhoven, <tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Heerfuehrung im Weltkriege</span></tt>, 2 vols.
(Berlin: E.S. Mittler, 1920-1921), I, iii, 41, 45 and 46; cf. John English,
"The Operational Art: Developments in the Theories of War," in B.J.C.
McKercher and Michael Hennessy, editors, <tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Operational Art: Developments in the Theories of War</span></tt> (Westport, CT:
Praeger, 1996), 13. <br />
10. The origin of the term is categorically ascribed to Svechin by N.
Varfolomeyev, an early student of operational art, in "Strategiya v
akademicheskoy postanovke" [Strategy in an Academic Setting], <tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Voyna i revolyutsiya</span></tt> [War and Revolution]
(November 1928), 84n. <br />
11. Svechin, <tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Strategy</span></tt>, 269; see
also, Jacob Kipp, "Two Views of Warsaw: The Russian Civil War and Soviet
Operational Art," in McKercher and Hennessy, editors, <tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The Operational Art</span></tt>, 61-65. <br />
12. The officer most frequently associated with the comparative analysis of
operations was V.K. Triandafillov, whose ground-breaking <i>Kharakter operatsiy
sovremennykh armiy</i> [The Nature of the Operations of Modern Armies], 3d ed.
(Moscow: Voyenizdat, 1936), has been edited by Jacob W. Kipp and translated
into English as <i>The Nature of the Operations of Modern Armies</i> (Ilford,
Essex, UK: Frank Cass and Co., Ltd, 1994); see especially part two. <br />
13. Varfolomeyev, "Strategiya v akademicheskoy postanovke," 84-85. <br />
14. This argument is clearly enunciated in Georgiy S. Isserson, "Osnovy
glubokoy operatsii" [Fundamentals of the Deep Operation], as cited by Cynthia
A. Roberts, "Planning for War: The Red Army and the Catastrophe of
1941," <tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Europe-Asia Studies</span></tt>
(December 1995), 1323n. <br />
15. R.A. Savushkin, <i>Razvitiye sovetskikh vooruzhyennykh sil i voyennogo
iskusstva v mezhvoyennyy period (1921-1941 gg.)</i> [The Development of the
Soviet Armed Forces and Military Art during the Inter-War Period (1921 to
1941)] (Moscow: VPA, 1989), 90-100. <br />
16. Schneider, <i>The Structure of Strategic Revolution</i>, 231-65. <br />
17. A comprehensive and provocative account of these and other continuities in
modern German military development is Jehuda L. Wallach's <i>The Dogma of the
Battle of Annihilation: The Theories of Clausewitz and Schlieffen and Their
Impact on the German Conduct of Two World Wars </i>(Westport, CT: Greenwood
Press, 1986), especially 229-81. <br />
18. See the discussion, for example, in John Keegan, <i>Six Armies in Normandy</i><tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></tt>(New York: Viking Press, 1982), 243. <br />
19. The most recent critique of<tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></tt><i>blitzkrieg</i><tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></tt>in operational-strategic perspective is
Karl-Heinz Frieser, <i>Blitzkrieg-Legende</i>, 2d ed. (Munich: R. Oldenbourg
Verlag, 1996), chapters 1 and 2; for the Soviet-German comparative perspective,
see Shimon Naveh,<tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></tt><i>In Pursuit
of Military Excellence: The Evolution of Operational Theory</i> (London: Frank
Cass, 1997), 221-238. <br />
20. The attainments and difficulties of the pre-war era are summarized in
Georgiy S. Isserson, "Razvitiye teorii sovetskogo operativnogo iskusstva v
30-ye gody" [The Development of the Theory of Soviet Operational Art
during the 1930s], <i>Voyenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal</i> (March 1965), especially
54-59. <br />
21. The most recent treatment of the Eastern Front in World War II is David M.
Glantz and Jonathan M. House, <i>When Titans Clashed</i> (Lawrence, KS:
University Press of Kansas, 1995); the classic account of 1943 to 1945 in
English remains John Erickson's <i>The Road to Berlin</i> (Boulder, CO:
Westview Press, 1983). <br />
22. Christopher R. Gabel, <i>The U.S. Army GHQ Maneuvers of 1941</i>
(Washington, DC: US Army Center of Military History, 1992), 185-94. <br />
23. An eloquent summary with an emphasis on military geography is John Keegan, <i>Fields
of Battle: The Wars for North America</i><tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></tt>(New
York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), 325-33. <br />
24. See the overview in James J. Schneider, "War Plan RAINBOW 5," <i>Defense
Analysis</i><tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></tt>(December 1994),
289-92. <br />
25. LTG L.D. Holder, "Educating and Training for Theater Warfare," in
Clayton R. Newell and Michael D. Krause, editors, <i>On Operational Art</i>
(Washington, DC: US Army Center of Military History, 1994), 171-72. <br />
26. Thomas W. Wolfe, <i>Soviet Power and Europe</i> (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
Press, 1970), 32-49 and 128-56. <br />
27. The most recent account is Roger J. Spiller, "In the Shadow of the
Dragon: Doctrine and the U.S. Army after Vietnam," typescript to be
published in <i>RUSI Journal</i> (December 1997). <br />
28. MAJ Paul H. Herbert, <i>Deciding What Has to be Done: General William E.
DePuy and the 1976 Edition of FM 100-5</i> (Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat
Studies Institute, 1988), 25-36. <br />
29. An engaging survey of doctrinal development between 1976 and 1982 is
Richard Swain's "Filling the Void: The Operational Art and the U.S.
Army," in McKercher and Hennessy, editors, <i>The Operational Art</i><tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">,</span></tt> 154-65. <br />
30. For an indication of the renewed emphasis on operational art, see then
Chief of the Soviet General Staff M.V. Zakharov's "O teorii glubokoy
operatsii" [On the Theory of the Deep Operation], <tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Voyenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal</span></tt> (October
1970), 10, 20; overall context is provided by David M. Glantz, "The
Intellectual Dimension of Soviet (Russian) Operational Art," in McKercher
and Hennessy, editors, <tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The Operational Art</span></tt>,
135-39. <br />
31. English, "The Operational Art," 17-18. <br />
32. For an overview, see John L. Romjue, <i>From Active Defense to AirLand
Battle: The Development of Army Doctrine 1973-1982</i> (Fort Monroe, VA: US
Army Training and Doctrine Command, 1984), 66-73.<br />
33. GEN William R. Richardson, "FM 100-5: The AirLand Battle in
1986," <i>Military Review</i> (March 1986), 4-11. <br />
34. See, for example, COL William W. Mendel and LTC Floyd T. Banks Jr., <i>Campaign
Planning</i> (Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army War College, 1988), 5-15. <br />
35. David A. Sawyer, "The Joint Doctrine Development System," <i>Joint
Force Quarterly</i> (Winter 1996-97), 36-39. <br />
36. See chapter 5, "Doctrine for a New Time," in John L. Romjue, <i>American
Army Doctrine for the Post-Cold War</i> (Fort Monroe, VA: US Army Training and
Doctrine Command, 1996). <br />
37. On the legacy of Isserson, see Frederick Kagan, "Army Doctrine and
Modern War: Notes Toward a New Edition of FM 100-5," <i>Parameters</i>
(Spring 1997), 139-40. <br />
38. See, for example, James K. Morningstar, "Technologies, Doctrine, and
Organization for RMA,"<tt><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></tt><i>Joint
Force Quarterly</i> (Spring 1997), 37-43. <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-AU">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="3" width="100%" />
<span lang="EN-AU">
</span></div>
<i>Bruce W. Menning is an instructor in the Strategy Division, Department of
Joint and Multinational Operations, US Army Command and General Staff College
(CGSC), Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He received a B.A. from St. John's University
and an M.A. and Ph.D. from Duke University. He is also a CGSC graduate. His
previous positions include special assistant to the Deputy Commandant, CGSC;
Secretary of the Army Fellow, Moscow; director, Soviet Army Studies Office,
Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth; John F. Morrison Professor of Military
History, Combat Studies Institute, CGSC; Associate Professor of History, Miami
University, Ohio; and he is a retired US Army Reserve officer. He is the author
of </i>Bayonets Before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861-1914<i>.</i> Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-74757418254428810532015-08-16T02:27:00.001-07:002015-08-16T02:27:24.841-07:00Russian Naval Aviation WWI<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-C3IkEcorWu8/VdBXYYc5dFI/AAAAAAAA1P4/9k4d7lRGlPs/s1600/zdgftbggfbgnhfy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-C3IkEcorWu8/VdBXYYc5dFI/AAAAAAAA1P4/9k4d7lRGlPs/s400/zdgftbggfbgnhfy.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
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M9 seaplanes in 1916 as were (apparently) the other carriers.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-41859819937160935442015-08-16T02:18:00.001-07:002015-08-16T02:18:30.727-07:00The Beginnings of Air Power: Russia's Long Range Strategic Reconnaissance and Bomber Squadron 1914-1917 Part I<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KKC2gAm_ZGE/VdBVQi5tftI/AAAAAAAA1Ps/di9DAmhYlGs/s1600/0001ia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KKC2gAm_ZGE/VdBVQi5tftI/AAAAAAAA1Ps/di9DAmhYlGs/s400/0001ia.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">By Carl J. Bobrow </b></div>
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By 1909 it was becoming more and more apparent that in
future wars the skies above the earth would no longer play a benign role. Since
the early nineteenth century the use of the balloon by the military in many
countries, for reconnaissance purposes, had gained a wider acceptance. In the
first decade of the twentieth century this predominantly passive observation
deck would give way to newer and more effective contrivances for
reconnoitering, specifically the aeroplane and the dirigible. It is easy for us
to say from hind sight that these inventions would play an important role in
the way that future wars would be fought and how European society as a whole
would respond to the "threat from the sky". It should be noted that
there were influential individuals at that time who believed that neither
invention could or would provide any significant military value. Just as there
were obtuse detractors who initially suppressed the militaries involvement in
aviation, there were brilliant visionaries who saw the realistic possibilities
that these new invention would provide and forged ahead regardless. </div>
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It is quite curious that both the aeroplane and the
dirigible came into being almost at the same time. Although the dirigible
showed promise early on for commercial as well as military use, with its
extended range and high load carrying capabilities, the airships inherent
weaknesses eventually forced its use to be limited. Aside from the
psychological impact, due in no small way to its formidable size, it would
eventually prove to be ineffectual in war. We need to keep this fact in
perspective for it was not to be realized by the belligerents until it was
tested under war time conditions. In the rush to maintain a balance of power
England, France, Russia and Italy found themselves in a lopsided race to keep
up with Germany's ongoing development and utilization of what was popularly
known as the Zeppelin. This in itself would help spur the development of
military aviation throughout Europe.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The stunning psychosociological reaction which resulted
after the historic flight by Louis Bleriot across the English Channel in 1909
reverberated in England for decades. Their island home, touted to be a fortress
protected by the world’s most powerful Navy, was now vulnerable by air. The
concern of the populace was not simply for their personal safety, for it now
seemed their very way of life was in the balance. Via the daily tabloids they
came to the realization that military compounds, ammunition depots, rail
centers, communication centers and other strategic locations were now open to
aerial bombardment. It was even suggested that the Germans could covertly
launch a fleet of Zeppelins with enough soldiers to invade the English
homeland. It is important to remember there were but a handful of individuals
who truly understood the limited potential of the flying machines which existed
at that time.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The significance of the channel crossing was not missed by
the keen mind of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, who was in France at the
time. Upon his return to Russia he instituted the development of the All
Russian Aero Club. The purpose of the organization was not only to promote
aeronautical activities but to inform and inspire the public on all things
pertaining to flight. This was not unique to Russia, most of the European
continent was enthralled by the sportsmanlike activities which were exhibited
by the early fliers.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Though the military in general was led to aviation
reluctantly, there were those members of the various military branches who
immediately saw the vast potential of both the aeroplane and the dirigible. As
the development of flying machines progressed their reliability and usable
range increased. The use and the deployment of both the aeroplane and the
dirigible expanded both commercially and militarily. Many of the fanciful
notions held by both the public and the military of what these apparatuses
could achieve were soon swept away by the grim realities of war.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It soon became apparent that aerial observation of ground
activities would be crucial to the war effort. The development of the aeroplane
underwent a rapid maturation, with aircraft for specialized use constantly
evolving in order to fulfill the conditions required at the various theaters of
conflict. The captive balloon which proved effective for the trench warfare
type of struggle, which the First World War had become, was limited in its
observation range and thus was useful only at the immediate front.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The need for long range reconnaissance for observing the
rear staging areas was vital. On the western front such operations eventually
were accomplished by the successful use of two seat observation planes which
flew at high altitudes. As the war went on the use of the dirigible proved
largely ineffective for daytime operations. Their intended use for long range
reconnaissance as well as daylight bombing eventually was taken over by the
aeroplane. At the onset of hostilities the aeroplane as a whole was still
limited in operational range as well as usable payload. Only Russia and Italy
entered the war with aircraft which could effectively provide the military with
both long range reconnaissance and bombing capabilities.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The German high command had put their faith in the giant airships;
once again a few visionaries realized that large multi-engined aeroplanes were
to be the future. The Germans were well acquainted with the development of
Russia's long range reconnaissance/bombers, probably more so than anyone else.
It is interesting to note that one of their first attempts to fill this gap was
a design based closely upon Sikorsky's Il'ya Muromets. How much of an influence
the Murometsy had on both the decision to build the R-planes (an abbreviation
of Riesenflugzeug, the giant German bombers) in Germany and their initial design
parameters is open to speculation. The German military command was quite aware
of the fledgling Murometsy squadrons, since their unopposed sorties into the
German rear on the eastern front caused more than a mere annoyance. They must
have realized that such an aeroplane would provide them with the long range
strategic weapon that they desired. It seems reasonable to believe that these
deep intrusions into their territory had some influence on their decision to
build their Giants, particularly in view of their expeditious development and
use. Only after a concerted effort to fill this military and technological void
did the other warring nations develop their own large multi-engined aeroplanes
for long range reconnaissance and bombing. How the Russians, whose industrial
base was only in its infancy at the turn of the century, could produce a design
that was effectively years ahead of any other nation is an interesting story. </div>
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PHOTO # 1 The world’s first multi-engined enclosed cabin
aeroplane popularly known as the Grand. This aircraft first flew in the spring
of 1913, until it was severely damaged in a freak accident while on the ground.
This flying testbed launched Igor Sikorsky's long career in heavy aviation.
[Courtesy of Sikorsky Aircraft/UTC] By the age of twenty-four, Igor Ivanovich
Sikorsky had already demonstrated his adept ability as an aircraft designer.
Many of his designs were as innovative as they were successful. Some of these
aircraft proved superior to both the foreign and domestic designs which were
entered into the national military trials. Sikorsky's meteoric rise in these
endeavors was due in part to his intuitive genius as well as his empirical
approach to problem solving. In his long career no greater challenge would be
faced than the design and construction of his multi-engined aeroplanes built in
Russia.</div>
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PHOTO # 2 The second Il'ya Muromets built, a type B, this
aircraft was given the name "Kievskiy" in honor of its achievements
by Czar Nicholas the II. In this aircraft Igor Sikorsky and a crew of three
made the epic 1,600 mile roundtrip flight from St. Petersburg to Kiev. Note the
passenger on the observation platform in front of the nose. [Courtesy of NASM]
After the successful construction of the world’s first and second multi-engined
enclosed cabin aeroplane Igor Sikorsky decided to demonstrate that his large
aircraft had a practical purpose. His plan called for a daring flight in his
most recently redesigned Il'ya Muromets, R-BVZ No. 128. On June 30, 1914
Sikorsky, with a crew of three which consisted of two copilots, Lieutenant G.I.
Lavrov of the Imperial Russian Navy, Captain K.F. Prussis of the Imperial
Russian Army, and his trusted mechanic, V.S. Panasiuk, took off from
Komendantsky Field near St. Petersburg for the 1,600 mile roundtrip flight to
Kiev. The trek was intended to subject the aeroplane to varying operational
conditions. Such a long distance flight would provide invaluable information
for future design criteria and Sikorsky was well aware of this. Although he had
successfully established world records for weight, altitude and duration in his
previous multi-engined designs, he was quick to realize that these flights were
not the same as the venture he was about to embark on. Manufacturing an
aircraft that was to operate as a long range transport would require a design
that could fly under various conditions. One practical way to recognize what
these parameters would be was to conduct a lengthy cross country flight.
Needless to say the publicity would benefit the company he worked for.</div>
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The Il'ya Muromets was provisioned with an ample supply of
fuel as well as numerous spare parts to help ensure a successful flight. They
had planned for only one stop near the city of Orsha for refueling. Aside from
this one site there were no other airfields along the way, the only hope for an
emergency landing would be one of the larger cultivated fields south of the
great forests. The brilliant success of their round trip flight proved not only
the viability of Igor Sikorsky's design but the possibility of long distance
transport by aeroplane. The effect on the Russian aviation community was
stunning, his designs would influence generations. Detailed news of the flight
reached an astonished audience in the rest of Europe as well as the United States.
Shortly after this epic flight an even more startling event unfolded which
certainly obscured the news of Sikorsky's accomplishment; this was the
assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand and the subsequent outbreak of World War
One. </div>
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PHOTO # 3 Igor Sikorsky standing seventh from left, below
outboard engine of an Il'ya Muromets type B. This aircraft was delivered to the
military and was equipped with Salmson engines. Photo taken during the winter
of 1914-15.[Courtesy of Sikorsky Aircraft/UTC] With the commencement of
hostilities Mikhail V. Shidlovskiy, the Director of the Russo-Baltic Wagon
Company (R-BVZ) which built the Il'ya Muromets, for which Sikorsky was the
chief designer, quickly realized that he had the opportunity as well as the
obligation to help the Russian war effort. Having very close ties with the
Ministry of War he was able to persuade them to order a number of Il'ya
Muromets aircraft. He suggested that a squadron utilizing the Il'ya Muromets be
created. The idea was to fly and operate them much in the way that a naval
fleet works. Shidlovskiy and others felt the Il'ya Muromets not only possessed
the potential to operate as a long range reconnaissance aircraft but also as a
bomber and rightly so. This concept was a bold one for the time, as well as a
shrewd business deal since the order could only be filled by one firm, the
R-BVZ. Since 1909 it was widely believed that the dirigible would succeed in
these tasks. Although the Russians did have a few French built airships and a
few domestic made dirigibles in their service they were quickly shown to be
outmoded for this aspect of military duty by 1914. Although the Germans made
extensive use of their Zeppelins, particularly in the early stages of the war,
these were of a much better design than the type employed by the Russians or
for that matter anyone else. With this fact in mind Shidlovskiy's proposal
struck a chord. The acceptance of Shidlovskiy's suggestion by the Ministry of
War and the approval of Czar Nicholas II, led to the creation of the first
squadron of Murometsy and a contract to supply military versions of the Il'ya
Muromets.</div>
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Initially the existing civilian models were procured for
military use. As we shall see this would almost cause the demise of the whole
program. With the rush to establish this new squadron the need for experienced
pilots became paramount. Unfortunately at that time there were relatively few
military pilots who had the notion or inclination to join such a squadron. They
had neither the vision of how effective the Murometsy would be, or the
necessary training to fly and control such huge aircraft. These pilots, who
were familiar with small aeroplanes, mostly of foreign design, thought of
themselves as the Calvary of the air. Although many of them knew and admired
Igor Sikorsky this did not translate into a willingness to staff the squadron.
Yet not all of the officers of the Imperial Russian Air Force (IRAF) viewed the
formation of this squadron or the use of the Il'ya Muromets with such
skepticism. These officers and pilots who did join would form the nucleus of
what would eventually become the Squadron of Flying Ships (Escadra vozdushnykh
korabley, or EVK). Initially, as stated, the squadron was equipped with the
existing Murometsy, these aircraft were upgraded and modified in order to
fulfill the operational parameters which were required by the military. Instead
of sending these aircraft to the front by rail it was decided to allow them to
be flown to their forward locations. Although the pilots who flew the ships were
experienced flyers their lack of familiarity with this radically new design
almost signaled the death knell for the future use of the Il'ya Muromets and
the squadron as well. Since the pilots flying these aeroplanes were unable to
achieve the standards of performance as required by the military it was decided
to place all orders for the Il'ya Muromets on hold. Additionally the squadron
was ordered to stand down, temporarily at least.</div>
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Shidlovskiy believed that the real problem was
organizational, rather than the aircrafts inability to perform. He arose to
defend his aircraft and ideas vehemently, stating that failure to make use of
such an important weapon would be tantamount to a criminal act. With his
influential contacts in the Ministry of War as well as other branches of the
government M.V. Shidlovskiy was not only able to get these orders rescinded but
went on to obtain an appointment as the squadron's new commander with the rank
of Major General. Mikhail Shidlovskiy envisioned a squadron which would be self
contained operationally and insular from the normal command structure. Being an
ex-naval officer he was familiar with military regulations, procedure and
conduct. Both his organizational skills and his familiarity with the Il'ya
Muromets made him an excellent choice. It is interesting to note that
Shidlovskiy saw no conflict with the fact that he should both head the EVK and
also make money by supplying the IM's to the military. Such a feudalistic
throwback could only exist in Russia at that time.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PHOTO # 4 A forward EVK aerodrome, note the large tent type
hangers for the Murometsy, probably taken in early 1915.[Courtesy of Sikorsky
Aircraft/UTC] In December 1914 Shidlovskiy officially assumed command of the
EVK but it was not until January 1915 that the General had things organized
enough to send for Igor Sikorsky to join him at Yablonna, the EVK's forward
aerodrome near Warsaw. One of their first duties was to ascertain why the IM's
were not performing up to their normal operational parameters. They knew the
Il'ya Muromets were more than capable of exceeding the military's flight
requirements. Igor Sikorsky confirmed what General Shidlovskiy had suspected.
The lack of proper training and organization for both the pilots and the ground
crews had contributed to the poor performance. Sikorsky found the airframes
were no longer in an airworthy state, also the engines were running far below
their rated performance. Aside from these mechanical hindrances the lack of
advanced flight training for the pilots operating the Il'ya Muromets, with its
complex control system, had contributed to their initial failures. It did not
take General Shidlovskiy long to sort out the control and command problems, nor
did it take Igor Sikorsky much time to instruct the squadron in resolving the
difficulties encountered in both flying and maintaining the Murometsy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PHOTO # 5 A jubilant flight and ground crew after a very
successful and important mission over enemy lines, early 1915.[Courtesy of
Sikorsky Aircraft/UTC] By February 1915 the EVK was commencing operations which
included long range strategic reconnaissance and bombing missions. As a result
of these first flights and their overwhelming successes the Stavka (the Supreme
High Command of the Russian Military) withdrew the command of the EVK from the
Field Inspector General of Aviation, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, and
placed the squadron under direct supervision of Stavka. The amount of sorties
flown increased significantly with the emphasis on reconnaissance, particularly
for the rear staging areas. It is quite evident from these actions that the
high command quickly realized the importance of the missions that the IM's were
capable of carrying out. Commensurate to all this the original order for the
Murometsy was increased as was the size of the squadron itself, so that by 1916
the squadron had substantially increased in size. At the EVK's zenith of
activity no less than thirty Murometsy were available for combat sorties. A
good many of the IM's which were built by the R-BVZ were employed as trainers.
As the squadron developed, a central base of operations was established at
Vinnitsa. From here regional squadrons were sent out to various field positions
to operate over the vast Russian front. Training courses were held at Vinnitsa
for both pilots, flight personnel, and the ground crews. Here under the
tutelage of an experienced staff, comprised of both pilots and technical
specialists, the next generation of the EVK was prepared to assume the rigors
and responsibilities awaiting them at the front. </div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-16009601745662796362015-08-16T02:17:00.002-07:002015-08-16T02:17:35.363-07:00The Beginnings of Air Power: Russia's Long Range Strategic Reconnaissance and Bomber Squadron 1914-1917 Part II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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PHOTO # 6 Early military version of an Il'ya Muromets type V
equipped with British Sunbeam engines. Note early sharp nose configuration on
ship. Some of the officers of the EVK. [Courtesy of Sikorsky Aircraft/UTC]<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tWtH1Zda93g/VdBVEB-KPQI/AAAAAAAA1Pk/rJJr22cXR0w/s1600/0001im3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="330" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tWtH1Zda93g/VdBVEB-KPQI/AAAAAAAA1Pk/rJJr22cXR0w/s400/0001im3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
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PHOTO # 7 More than thirty examples of the type V were
built, including a number of training versions, which utilized only two
engines, either in a tractor or pusher configuration. This IM was equipped with
Sunbeam engines. [Courtesy of Harry Woodman] In late 1914 a new variant of the
Il'ya Muromets was produced. This was the type V. These aircraft were smaller
in size and weighed less than the earlier type B . The type V were specifically
designed for military use where as the type B were merely adapted for this
purpose. These new Murometsy were faster and able to reach higher altitudes as
well. A wedged shape nose was utilized on the first of these aircraft produced,
but soon they were changed to a flat front polyhedral. Both of these nose
designs were constructed of metal framing and a high impact glass which
provided better visibility and safety than the earlier designs. The fuel tanks
were moved to a safer placement under the center section of the top wing to
prevent leaking onto the engines in case of puncture from shrapnel or bullets.
The center section was now built as an open framework to allow access to the
tanks which also provided an aperture for a machine gun placement for top
cover. Machine gun positions were also installed at the doors and/or in the
windows as well as a hatch on top of the fuselage aft of the wings on some of
the Il'ya Muromets. The rudder arrangement remained basically the same as the
earlier variants. The wings were narrower and the external wing rim was made of
metal pipe instead of wood as with the earlier ships. As would be the case for
all the Murometsy built during the war a variety of engines manufactured by
different companies were utilized. This was necessitated by the limited supply
of usable motors available.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PHOTO # 8 An Il'ya Muromets type G, with R-BVZ and Renault
engines, shown with EVK flight personnel.[Courtesy of Sikorsky Aircraft/UTC]<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PHOTO # 9 An Il'ya Muromets type G-3 with R-BVZ and Renault
engines. Note top, side, and tail gun emplacements.[Courtesy of Sikorsky
Aircraft/UTC] The type G models which were designed as a more advanced military
version began to appear at the front as early as 1915. There were only about 9
examples of the G-1 produced. The essential difference from the previous model,
was the increase in the size of both the upper and the lower wings in
particular its chord. Additional glazing was incorporated in the nose of some
of the later G-1's in order to improve the visibility for the pilot as well as
the crew. This first variant of the G series was designed to carry a greater
usable load so that in addition to carrying more armament it flew typically
with a six man crew. In 1916 the G-2 which was designed with a strengthened
wing structure was produced. With the need for a greater defensive potential
the innovation of the tail gun position was introduced in this model. To get to
this location at the end of the fuselage a trolley was installed. It ran on a
pair of angular rails to the rear through the fuselage. By pulling on the cross
wire bracing the crew member pulled the trolley to the rear or forward to
return to the cabin. With the addition of a tail gun the central large rudder
was first removed, then later in subsequent models a small fixed fin was
employed in front of the gunners position. The two enlarged rudders were moved
further out on the larger stabilizer. One particular G-2 which was powered by
four 160 h.p. Beardmore engines was capable of operating at a 5,200 meter
(17,000 feet) altitude with a full load. It is interesting to note that G-2's
as well as G-4's were later employed by the first civil airline in the USSR.
They saw service in 1921 between the cities of Moscow, Orel, Kursk and Kharkov
as well as between Sarapul and Sverdlovsk. There were only about eight examples
of the G-2 produced. In 1916 the Il'ya Muromets underwent further modifications
in order to meet the expanded offensive and defensive capabilities required.
This resulted in approximately eight examples of the G-3 being produced. Aside
from the bomb load capacity being increased, the defensive firepower was added
to by providing a hatch in the fuselage floor for a machine gun so that the
ship's field of fire would then include the area beneath the aeroplane. The
cabin size was increased by extending it down the length of the fuselage. The
tailplane area was increased to accommodate the larger space being utilized by
the tail gun. This G model was reinforced and strengthened in a number of areas
such as additional welded tubing which was utilized in its construction. All
these features increased the overall weight. Once again in an attempt to
provide better visibility the nose was fully glazed.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PHOTO # 10 An Il'ya Muromets type E, class #E-56 R-BVZ #243,
with EVK personnel at Pskov in the summer of 1916.[Courtesy of Sikorsky
Aircraft/UTC]<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PHOTO # 11 Forward interior view of an Il'ya Muromets type
E's cabin note the extensive glazing incorporated for better
visibility.[Courtesy of Sikorsky Aircraft/UTC] Between the years 1914 and 1917
over seventy Murometsy were manufactured in Petrograd. The manufacture of the
aircraft was a complex process. There were constant design changes to meet the
combat requirements at the front. In response to these virtually unopposed
incursions over the line the Germans increased its presence of fighter aircraft,
which were faster and better armed than ever. In order for the EVK to continue
operations Igor Sikorsky and his team of engineers produced what would become
the final variant of the Il'ya Muromets series. The type E were the largest and
most advanced of all the Murometsy built. Aside from carrying as many as eight
crew members, its armament and bomb load capabilities were increased. Some
ships carried eight machine guns or automatic rifles. The first of the type E
were not fitted with a tail gun but rather a platform that was lowered from the
fuselage floor aft of the wings. From this position the gunner, lying on the
platform, could fire toward the rear. The nose was fully glazed and the fuel
tanks were enclosed in the fuselage. In the first version there appeared only
one large rudder but with the return to a tail gun position in the second
variant this was changed to two smaller rudders on the stabilizer.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PHOTO # 12 A railroad station, one of many which were
successfully attacked by the EVK. Photograph appears with an altimeter/time
overlay. For the most part a Potte type camera was used, it weighed in at 9 kg.
(19.8 lbs.) not a small or light device but of minor consideration when used on
the IM. [Courtesy of Sikorsky Aircraft/UTC] The EVK had its own photographic
section which would process and develop all the negatives as well as the
prints. They would supply them to the regional command headquarters as well as
to Stavka. The distribution and delivery of these important photographs was
carried out by couriers, many who would drive motorcycles over the rough
terrain at breakneck speeds in all kinds of weather. The large size and load
carrying capability of the Il'ya Muromets provided the perfect platform for
high altitude reconnaissance. Aside from carrying a larger and more
sophisticated camera, the quantity of glass plate negatives far exceeded what
any other observation craft could carry. In addition to all this the large
enclosed cabin provided the crew with a singularly unique environment to work in,
particularly in the cold Russian winters. A marvelous overlay system was
developed which would display the altitude and the time that each photograph
was taken, these were particularly helpful when it came to photographic
interpretation.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The squadron also had its own meteorological section which
obtained from various sources the current weather conditions along the vast
eastern front as well as the rest of Europe. It was sophisticated enough to
make weather predictions which were extremely critical for the long range
flights which the IM's routinely flew. The science of meteorology was fairly
well developed in Russia at the time and General Shidlovskiy was able to man
his squadron with some of the more noted specialists of the day.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(SLIDE)PHOTO # 13 This impressive 400 kg. (882 lbs.) dummy
bomb was tested in August 1915, the purpose was to test both the aerodynamic
properties of such a large device and the handling capability of the IM loaded
with this type of bomb. It was designed and built by Prof. Zhukovsky and his
staff, as were many of the larger high explosive bombs used by the EVK. A hole
3 meters (9.8 ft.) wide was created by the impact of this test device. 240kg
(530lbs.) bombs were the largest bombs used by the squadron. [Courtesy of
Sikorsky Aircraft/UTC] The EVK systematically bombed enemy positions,
specifically transportation, supply and communication facilities. Generally a
mixture of high explosive, fragmentation and incendiary devices were utilized.
High explosive bombs ranged in weight from 16 kg. (35 lbs.) to 160 kg. (353
lbs.) depending on the missions profile. Fragmentation bombs weighing from 16
kg. (35 lbs.) to 48 kg. (106 lbs.) and an incendiary type of 10 kg. (22 lbs.)
was also employed. The evolution of the bomb sights used by the Squadron is an
interesting story in itself, suffice to say that eventually a very
sophisticated optical system which allowed for drift was employed with
startling success. Finally, bomb racks of both electrical and mechanical
variants were tested and used in the Murometsy over the four year period of the
squadrons existence.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PHOTO # 14 The end result of an emergency landing at the
squadrons Zegevol'd aerodrome, this occurred after massive battle damage was
inflicted on both the ship and its crew, April 26th 1916.[Courtesy of NASM]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The combat record of the EVK was rather extraordinary, only
one Il'ya Muromets was shot down and destroyed. Many times the ships would
return with massive battle damage, on one occasion the entire wing section of
one IM collapsed shortly after landing. In addition a number of airframes had
to be written off after some rather bad landings. It is interesting to note
that the shortages at the front were so acute that after a craft was no longer
flyable it would be stripped of all of its fittings, cables, instruments and
engines, only the wood frame would be left. As the war went on the presence of
enemy fighter aircraft increased, so much so that ships would need to carry
machine guns on all missions. In the early stages of the war the crew of the
Il'ya Muromets would either take little or no armament with them. This was
often done in order to lighten the load for other essentials such as fuel, oil
or bombs. But after a few nasty confrontations with enemy scouts survival
dictated that defensive weapons were a necessity. As the Germans began to
discern a reoccurring flight path anti-aircraft batteries were set up in order
to shoot down the slow moving giants. On more than one occasion anti-aircraft
emplacements were aggressively assaulted, by their would be victims, with heavy
bombardment and machine gun fire until they were silenced. The pugnacity of the
Il'ya Muromets was well known and respected by the enemy. Although the ships
flew at a relatively slow speed their high defensive profile as well as their
ability to withstand massive battle damage made them a difficult opponent to
successfully intercept. The most critical problem the squadron faced was the
lack of adequate engines. After war had been declared the much valued German
Argus engines became unavailable. The R-BVZ had to find suitable power plants
from other sources which included France, Italy, America and Great Britain. The
Salmson engines from France did not perform well on the Il'ya Muromets for a
few reasons. The aerodynamic drag created by the use of four of these engines
and their radiators was considerable. The radiators were also prone to failure
from vibration. The fact that they did not deliver the full rated horse power
was probably due to a combination of factors which included the type of
propellers used as well as the quality of the fuel and oil. Therefore even with
the higher horse power available the usable load and ceiling was greatly
reduced. Since the Argus engines were no longer available from Germany and the French
Salmsons had proved to be unsuitable for the high altitude and load carrying
capacity expected of the Murometsy it became critical to find an acceptable
power plant. At that time the Sunbeam engine from Britain was the only engine
available with a power to weight ratio which would be usable. These engines
proved their worth while serving in the British Royal Naval Air Service, where
they had expert mechanics to work on them and factories relatively close for
spare parts. The Russians unfortunately did not have the same resources
available to them, especially at the front were the Il'ya Muromets operated.
The logistical problems of getting replacement engines and parts to the front
from the various ports and terminals was slow at best. The Sunbeam engines did
not the eastern front.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Since the Argus engines were no longer available from
Germany and the French Salmsons had proved to be unsuitable for the high
altitude and load carrying capacity expected of the Murometsy it became
critical to find an acceptable power plant. At that time the Sunbeam engine
from Britain was the only engine available with a power to weight ratio which
would be usable. These engines proved their worth while serving in the British
Royal Naval Air Service, where they had expert mechanics to work on them and
factories relatively close for spare parts. The Russians unfortunately did not
have the same resources available to them, especially at the front were the
Il'ya Muromets operated. The logistical problems of getting replacement engines
and parts to the front from the various ports and terminals was slow at best.
The Sunbeam engines did not perform well under the harsh conditions they were
subjected to on the eastern front.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was not until later on in the war when the advancement of
engine design by the allies had caught up to the power requirements of the
Murometsy, that any suitable engines were available other than Sunbeams or the
Russian built R-BVZ-6. The Russo-Baltic firm produced a hybrid version of the
Argus and Mercedes engine to help meet this critical shortage. The R-BVZ-6
engines were designed by a Russian engineer named Kiryev. Before the war he had
worked in Germany at the Mercedes and Maybach plants. With this valuable
experience, he brought back to Russia the knowledge necessary to design and
manufacture large engines. These motors were built at the Riga branch of the
R-BVZ until the advance of the German army in the fall of 1915 forced the
evacuation of the facility. As a result only a limited number of the engines
were initially available until production was resumed at the relocated plant.
During the five year period that Igor Sikorsky and his team of engineers,
mechanics and craftsman had been building and perfecting the design of the
Il'ya Muromets no less than seventy aircraft had been built. Although Igor
Sikorsky originally intended his giants for more peaceful purposes almost all
of them were used by the Escadra vozdushnykh korabley or Squadron of Flying
Ships during World War One. This unit, led by General Mikhail V. Shidlovskiy,
chairman of the R-BVZ, constituted the world’s first long range strategic
bomber and reconnaissance squadron. Its theater of operations covered vast
expanses of the eastern front which included the Austro-Hungarian region of
conflict in the south as well as the East Prussian front in the north. The
heroics and gallantry of the members of the EVK was matched by the superlative
performance of the unique aircraft they flew. The measured success of the Il'ya
Muromets did not go unnoticed by Germany or the Allies. This fact is evident in
the successive development and implementation of such aircraft throughout the
war by all belligerents.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Photo # 15 An Il'ya Muromets type G with Renault engines.
The personnel are members of the Red Air Fleet.[Courtesy of NASM] Of the Il'ya
Muromets that survived the final stages of the war a few were pressed into
service by the Bolsheviks as part of the fledgling Soviet Air Force. Together
with former members of the EVK they saw some action during the Civil War. A
majority of the airframes and engines had already become rather worn out by
this time from their extensive use as well as their exposure to the elements.
These factors, combined with the lack of experienced ground crews, led to the
loss of at least one ship with its entire crew. Amazingly a few of the
Murometsy still remained in use until 1921, relegated to civil transport.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bibliography</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bobrow, Carl. "Early Aviation in Russia," W.W. I
Aero, no. 114, pp. 18-29, 1987 Illus.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bobrow, Carl. "A Technical Overview of the Grand and
Il'ya Muromets." W.W. I Aero, no. 127, pp. 40-50, 1990 Illus.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Boyd, Alexander. The Soviet Air Force Since 1918. London:
Macdonald and Janes, 1977.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bychkov, V. "Russia's flying warrior." Krylya
Rodiny, no. 2 (reprinted and translated in the Bulletin of the Russian Aviation
Research Group of Air-Britain, vol. 26, no. 91), 1987.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Delear, Frank J. Igor Sikorsky: His Three Careers in
Aviation. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1969</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Duz', P. D. Istoriya vozdukhoplavaniya i aviatsii v SSSR, do
1914-1918 [A history of aeronautics and aviation in the USSR for the period
1914-1918]. Moscow: Oborongiz, 1944, 1960, and 1979.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Duz', P. D. Istoriya vozdukhoplavaniya i aviatsii v SSSR, do
1914 g. [A history of aeronautics and aviation in the USSR. pre-1914 period]
Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye, 1981.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finne, Konstantin Nikolayevich. Igor Sikorsky, the Russian
Years. Edited by Carl J. Bobrow and Von Hardesty Washington D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution Press, 1987</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gollin, Alfred. The Impact of Air Power on the British
People and their Government, 1909-1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press,
1989</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Haddow, G.W. and Peter M. Grosz. The German Giants The story
of the R-planes 1914-1919. London: Putnam & Co., 1962</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hallion, Richard P. Test Pilots: The Frontiersman of Flight.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988 revised edition</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hardesty, Von. "Aeronautics Comes to Russia: The Early
Years, 1908-1918," Research Report, National Air and Space Museum, pp.
23-44. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985 Illus.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jackson, Robert. Red Falcons: Soviet Airmen in Action,
1919-1969. New York: International Publications Service, 1970.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jones, David R. "The Birth of the Russian Air Weapon."
Aerospace Historian, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 169-71, Fall 1974.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Karinskiy, Nikolai S. "The Story of Aerostation and
Aviation in Russia." Manuscript in New York Public Library.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kilmarx, Robert A. A History of Soviet Air Power. New York:
Frederick A. Praeger, 1962.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kilmarx, Robert A. "The Russian Imperial Air Forces of
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Nowarra, H. J. and G. R. Duval, eds. Russian Civil and
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Riaboff, Alexander. Gatchina Days: Reminiscences of a
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Roustem-Bek, B. Aerial Russia. London: John Lane, 1916.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Sikorsky, Igor I. The Story of the Winged-S: An
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Strizhevsky, S. Nikolai Zhukovsky, Founder of Aeronautics.
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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Woodman, Harry. "Les Bombardiers geants d'Igor
Sikorsky," Le Fanatique de l'aviation, nos. 150 and nos. 151, May and June
1982.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Woodman, Harry. "Il'ya Muromets Type 'B' of WW I,"
Airfix Magazine, May 1985.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Yankevich, P. Aerofotographiya Rukovodstvo vozdushnoi
fotographii [Aerial photography]. Petrograd: A. N. Lavrov, 1917.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Zhabrov, A. A. Annotirovannyy ukazatel' literatury na
russkom yazyke po aviatsii i voz-dukhoplavaniya za 50 let, 1881-1931 [Annotated
guide to Russian-language literature on aviation and aeronautics for fifty
years, 1881-1931]. Moscow, 1931.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Carl J. Bobrow is a second generation American, descended
from Russian and Ukrainian immigrants. Born on August 18th, 1952 in Brooklyn
New York, which is coincidentally aviation day in Russia. He lives with his
wife, Corinne, two year old son Alexander, two cats and Jake the wonder dog.
Professionally a consulting audio engineer he is well known to some of the more
prolific rock bands. He has been working with Dr. Von Hardesty, a curator at
NASM, since 1984 in expanding the Russian aeronautics collection at the museum.
This collaboration has included the co-editing of K.N. Finne's book Russkiye
vozdushnyye bogatyri I.I. Sikorskogo [Russian air warriors of I.I. Sikorsky]
which was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 1987 as Igor
Sikorsky, the Russian Years. In December of 1988 he was invited, along with Von
Hardesty and Sergei Sikorsky, V.P. of special projects at Sikorsky
Aircraft/UTC, to present a paper and represent the United States at an
international symposium on the history of aeronautics and astronautics
sponsored by the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. They were privileged to
visit the Central Military Archives in Moscow and while there obtained
important information on early Russian aviation. The acquisition of this
material has greatly expanded the scope of the research which has now become
international in nature. Carl was a consultant for the Igor I. Sikorsky
Centennial exhibition at NASM as well as the commemorative book The Aviation
Careers of Igor Sikorsky. He presently has his hands full juggling three
research projects and sometimes wishes he was an octopus. He is a member of The
League of WW1 Aero Historians, American Helicopter Society, Cross and Cockade
International, American Aviation Historical Society, The Russian Air Research
Group of Air Britain, World War One Aeroplanes, The Society for the History of
Technology and The Audio Engineering Society </div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-91982600528161971532015-05-11T22:53:00.001-07:002015-05-11T22:53:33.917-07:00Air Forces sources on the Air Forces of Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Polish, Romania, Soviet in WWI.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-u2pLxnK4m-E/VVGVP4_yhKI/AAAAAAAAx7g/AiLmnlIZIX4/s1600/fdrtgfrtghrt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-u2pLxnK4m-E/VVGVP4_yhKI/AAAAAAAAx7g/AiLmnlIZIX4/s400/fdrtgfrtghrt.jpg" width="312" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><b>World War, 1914-1918 Aerial operations,
Austrian.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><b> </b><br />
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<br />
Connors, John F.<br />
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<br />
Lichem, Heinz von<br />
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Luftwaffe.<br />
Steiger, 1985. ISBN:3854230524.<br />
<br />
O'Connor, Martin D.<br />
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Champlin Fighter Museum
Press, 1986. ISBN:0912173033.<br />
<br />
Pitsch, Erwin.<br />
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Weltkrieg.<br />
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<br />
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<br />
Schupita, Peter.<br />
Die k. u. k. Seeflieger : Chronik und Dokumentation der <br />
österreichisch-ungarischen Marineluftwaffe 1911-1918.<br />
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<br />
Steinböck, Erwin.<br />
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<br />
<br />
<b>World War, 1914-1918 Aerial operations, Belgian.</b><br />
<br />
Boschmans, Raymond.<br />
Avec les as français; souvenirs de guerre aérienne.<br />
A. Dewit, 1923.<br />
<br />
Coppens de Houthulst, Willy, baron.<br />
Days on the wing.<br />
Arno Press, 1979, 1934. ISBN:0405121571.<br />
<br />
Lampaert, Roger.<br />
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vliegwezen voor en tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog.<br />
De Krijger, 1997.<br />
<br />
Mathieu, E.<br />
Les débuts de l'aviation militaire belge.<br />
Imprimerie typo. de l'Institut cartographique militaire, 1938.<br />
<br />
Nélis, G.<br />
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L'expansion belge, 1919.<br />
<br />
Pieters, Walter M.<br />
Above Flanders' fields: a complete record of
the Belgian fighter pilots and <br />
their units during the Great War, 1914-1918.<br />
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<br />
Vrancken, Ludo.<br />
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geïllustreerde geschiedenis.<br />
Musée royal de l'Armée, 1999. ISBN: 9071936163.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>World War, 1914-1918 Aerial operations, Hungarian.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><b> </b><br />
Die Wegbereiter der österreichisch-ungarischen Luftfahrt.<br />
1918-1938?<br />
<br />
Boksay, Antal, vitéz.<br />
A felhok katonái: a magyar hadirepülok története.<br />
Aquila, 2001. ISBN: 9636791384.<br />
<br />
Földi, Pál.<br />
Harcosok az égen.<br />
Anno, 1999. ISBN: 9639199311.<br />
<br />
A József foherceg úr o cs. és kir. fensége fovédosége alatt renezett Hadi <br />
repülogép kiállitás tárgymutatója.<br />
Joseph, Archduke of Austria,<br />
Honvédelmi Minisztérium. Magyar aero szövetseg.<br />
A Kiállitás végrehajtó bizottsága, 1917.<br />
<br />
Tesar, Petr Aharon.<br />
Albatros D. II & D. III oeffag.<br />
JaPo, 1998.<br />
<br />
<b><br />
World War, 1914-1918 Aerial operations, Polish.</b></span><br />
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<br />Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-17959342874382834232015-05-11T22:52:00.001-07:002015-05-11T22:52:28.785-07:00Early Sikorsky Aircraft Built In Russia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<![endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">By Carl Bobrow </b><br />
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The work done by Igor Sikorsky in Russia between 1909-1917
is some of the most important in the annals of aviation development. During
this period of time he designed, built and flew no less than twenty aircraft
and as many variants.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Interestingly, the first area of aviation that Igor Sikorsky
endeavored in was vertical flight, though his initial efforts in this area
proved unsuccessful. Since there was very little known on the subject he was
forced to design and build by intuition and rudimentary theories. After a lack
of success with his first two helicopters he turned to the design and
construction of airplanes, only to return successfully to helicopters some
twenty five years later.</div>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-551Bz0QPzcA/VVGUpFzfBxI/AAAAAAAAx7I/ksy_66ECoPE/s1600/sik_s-6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-551Bz0QPzcA/VVGUpFzfBxI/AAAAAAAAx7I/ksy_66ECoPE/s400/sik_s-6.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sikorsky S-6</i></b></div>
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In April 1910, Sikorsky along with two other Russian
designers, F.I. Bylinkin and V.V. Iordan, built a wooden biplane with a two
cylinder 15 h.p. Anzani engine. Although it did not fly, since it was
underpowered, it taxied and was the direct predecessor to the BIS No.2 which
did fly in June of the same year. This original design, powered by a three
cylinder 25 h.p. Anzani engine, was the third airplane of domestic design to
fly in Russia. In November 1910, Igor Sikorsky started the long lineage of the
'S' series aircraft with the construction of the S-3. Equipped with a 35 h.p.
Anzani engine the S-3 made a number of successful flights. This aircraft was
soon followed by the S-4 biplane which was powered by a 50 h.p. air cooled
Anzani engine. After an engine failure, which could have proved fatal for a
less experienced pilot, Sikorsky recognized the necessity of utilizing a more
reliable power plant. Incorporating the German built Argus engines, which were
water cooled, Sikorsky constructed the S-5 in April of 1911. This was a very
successful design and was capable of sustained flights up to an hour. It is
interesting to note that Igor Sikorsky obtained his pilot’s license flying the
S-5 as well as establishing four Russian records, for altitude (500 m/1,640
ft), distance (85 km/52.8 miles), speed (125 kmh/ 77.7mph) and duration (52
min.). One of the best examples of his early aircraft designs can be seen in
the S-6 biplane. This original arrangement was tested in a wind tunnel to
determine drag and other aerodynamic qualities. As a result its development
proceeded quickly and was finished in three months. He made use of an
aerodynamically clean airframe sporting a streamlined fuel tank as well as an
aluminum radiator for the 100 h.p. Argus engine. Shortly after the S-6's first
test flight Igor Sikorsky established a multiple world record for Russia when
he took along three passengers and attained a speed of 111 kmh/69 mph. The
award winning S-6A, which was a further development of his already successful
S-6, proved even more successful and in March 1912, with four passengers, he
attained a speed record of 106 kmh/65.9mph. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IafZnzi4Nj8/VVGUtiHqEQI/AAAAAAAAx7Q/s47lPsz1ffk/s1600/sik_s-6b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IafZnzi4Nj8/VVGUtiHqEQI/AAAAAAAAx7Q/s47lPsz1ffk/s400/sik_s-6b.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sikorsky S-6B</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As a result of his many successes he was asked to join the
Russo-Baltic Wagon Works (R-BVZ) as chief aircraft designer. The R-BVZ
manufactured trains, airplanes, engines, and automobiles, and it was run by
M.V. Shidlovskiy, who had insight into the importance of aviation's future. The
engineering and technical staff at the R-BVZ was expanded by Sikorsky who
brought many of them along with him from Kiev. This provided under one roof a
wealth of knowledge and experience. The first airplane built by Sikorsky and
his staff at the R-BVZ was the S-6B which was a modified version of the S-6A.
It was developed specifically to enter the international military competition
in July 1912, held by the Russian government. The S-6B featured a reinforced
undercarriage as well as a gear for starting the 100 h.p. Argus engine from the
cockpit, attaining a speed of 113 kmh/70.2mph with a load of 327 kg/720.9 lbs.
Competing against other Russian designs, as well as foreign entries, the S-6B
won first prize. This achievement not only set the stage financially and
technically for the construction of the world's first multi-engine enclosed
cabin aircraft which has come to be known as the 'Grand' but also established
Igor Sikorsky as a world class aircraft designer. </div>
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<br /></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-62905253279211963742015-05-11T22:20:00.000-07:002016-03-16T10:21:27.135-07:00Department of the Air Fleet<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-f1cpx8bRn6U/VVGLhqup5MI/AAAAAAAAx64/H-N9fCaA4HE/s1600/220px-GrandDukeMikhailAlexandrovich--nsillustratedwar04londuoft.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-f1cpx8bRn6U/VVGLhqup5MI/AAAAAAAAx64/H-N9fCaA4HE/s1600/220px-GrandDukeMikhailAlexandrovich--nsillustratedwar04londuoft.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich</span></b></i></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Whereas the prewar
Russian military has generally been depicted as being technologically backward
compared with the other great powers, this was not entirely true when it came
to air power. After Louis Blériot’s flight across the English Channel in 1909,
Tsar Nicholas II’s cousin, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, played an
instrumental role in promoting aviation in Russia and was named the first
commander of the Department of the Air Fleet, soon known as the Russian
Imperial Air Service. In addition to raising funds for the purchase of French
Blériots and Farmans, Grand Duke Mikhail sent Russian military officers to
France for pilot training. By 1911, the Volkov Field Balloon School outside St.
Petersburg had been expanded to include airplanes. Because harsh Russian winter
conditions restricted the length of training, Grand Duke Mikhail saw the need
to relocate to the warmer climate of the Crimea, opening the Sevastopol School
of Aeronautics for army and navy officers. More significant, Russia possessed
an innovative aircraft designer of its own in Igor Sikorsky, who prior to the
First World War had designed one of the world’s first successful, large
multiengine aircraft, the four-engine Ilya Muromet, which in June 1914
successfully completed a 1,600-mile round-trip flight from St. Petersburg to
Kiev. As will be indicated later, however, Russia unfortunately lacked the
industrial infrastructure needed to fulfill its own aircraft needs once the war
began.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">With the exception
of Sikorsky’s Ilya Muromet, Russia’s aircraft were qualitatively inferior
because most were older aircraft of foreign design that had already been
decommissioned elsewhere, and the great variety of aircraft employed by the
Russians created a logistical nightmare in terms of procuring parts and
engines.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Although possessing
an excellent aircraft in the Ilya Muromets, relied heavily upon imported French
motors for its domestically produced aircraft as well as on French aircraft
that had become obsolete on the Western Front.</span><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Aircraft">Aircraft</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Fighters">Fighters</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_L" title="Morane-Saulnier L">Morane-Saulnier L</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_N" title="Morane-Saulnier N">Morane-Saulnier N</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-16" title="Sikorsky S-16">Sikorsky S-16</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-20" title="Sikorsky S-20">Sikorsky S-20</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport_10" title="Nieuport 10">Nieuport 10</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport_11" title="Nieuport 11">Nieuport 11</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport_17" title="Nieuport 17">Nieuport 17</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport_24" title="Nieuport 24">Nieuport 24</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport_27" title="Nieuport 27">Nieuport 27</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPAD_A.2" title="SPAD A.2">SPAD A.2</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPAD_S.VII" title="SPAD S.VII">SPAD S.VII</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPAD_S.XIII" title="SPAD S.XIII">SPAD S.XIII</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camel</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Snipe" title="Sopwith Snipe">Sopwith Snipe</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Triplane" title="Sopwith Triplane">Sopwith Triplane</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatra_D" title="Anatra D">Anatra D</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatra_DS" title="Anatra DS">Anatra DS</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebed_XII" title="Lebed XII">Lebed XII</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebed_XI" title="Lebed XI">Lebed XI</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_P" title="Morane-Saulnier P">Morane-Saulnier P</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Bombers">Bombers</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_Ilya_Muromets" title="Sikorsky Ilya Muromets">Sikorsky Ilya Muromets</a></li>
</ul>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_flying_aces_from_the_Russian_Empire" title="List of World War I flying aces from the Russian Empire">List of World War I flying aces from the Russian Empire</a></div>
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<br /></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-68057903913256426142015-05-11T22:10:00.000-07:002015-05-11T22:10:10.754-07:00Pyotr Nesterov<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yFBiysErwHg/VVGK76xkoEI/AAAAAAAAx6o/5oQBR4mQSrg/s1600/Nesterov_taran.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yFBiysErwHg/VVGK76xkoEI/AAAAAAAAx6o/5oQBR4mQSrg/s320/Nesterov_taran.jpg" width="235" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Nesterov" target="_blank"><i>Ramming attackperformed by Pyotr Nesterov</i></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_1YFn5zQ5FU/VVGLBdHp3sI/AAAAAAAAx6w/A3Rb9iu95_g/s1600/220px-Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Nesterov.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_1YFn5zQ5FU/VVGLBdHp3sI/AAAAAAAAx6w/A3Rb9iu95_g/s320/220px-Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Nesterov.jpg" width="181" /></a><i> </i><br />
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<i>Stabs-Kapitan</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
Petr Nikolaev Nesterov, flying Morane Saulnier G No 281 of the 11th Corps
Detachment, Imperial Russian Air Service, rammed an Albatros two seater flown
by <i>Feldwebel</i> Franz Malina (pilot) and <i>Oberleutnant</i> Baron
Friedrich Rosenthal (observer), of Austro-Hungarian <i>Flik 11</i> over the
town of Zholkov on 26 August 1914. All three airmen were killed in the
encounter.<br />
<br />
<b>Air Sport - "THE PETR N NESTEROV CUP"</b> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Was donated to FAI
in 1962 by the USSR in commemoration of Lt Petr Nikolaevich Nesterov, of the
Imperial Russian Air Service. On September 9, 1913, Nesterov literally launched
aerobatic history by performing the first loop in a Nieuport IV monoplane near
Kiev. He was arrested for 10 days for taking undue risk with a government-owned
machine, but later promoted to Staff Captain.<i> The Nesterov Cup</i> is an
antique piece featuring intricate silver work and a depiction of Nesterov on
the front. The trophy is awarded to the Men's World Team Champions of the World
Aerobatic Championships. It was first awarded in 1962 to the Hungarian Team.</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">LINKS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.wio.ru/ww1a.htm" target="_blank"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Russian Aviationin WWI and Civilian War</span></b></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.wio.ru/ww1a/ace1.htm" target="_blank"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">WWI Aces ofRussian Empire</span></b></a></div>
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<br /></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-72886856985772643622015-05-11T22:07:00.001-07:002015-05-11T22:07:22.288-07:00Aleksandr Kozakov, (1889–1919) <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3u9n3i_Qw1Y/VVGKcDJnhOI/AAAAAAAAx6g/GKj3yJ0QRc0/s1600/Aleksandr_Kazakov.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3u9n3i_Qw1Y/VVGKcDJnhOI/AAAAAAAAx6g/GKj3yJ0QRc0/s400/Aleksandr_Kazakov.jpg" width="243" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Leading Russian
fighter ace of World War I. Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Kozakov was born on 15
January 1889 near Kherson, Russia, to a family of minor nobility. Kozakov was
educated in military schools and commissioned a kornet (junior lieutenant) in a
cavalry regiment. In early 1914, he was admitted to the flying school at Kacha.
Graduating in October 1914, he was promoted to poruchik (lieutenant) and sent
to the IV Corps Aviation Detachment, where he flew the Morane G two-seat
monoplane. Since his aircraft could not carry a machine gun, in March 1915 he
experimented with using a grappling hook and cable to attack enemy aircraft. In
his first combat encounter the device failed, but Kozakov brought the enemy
down by ramming its upper wing with his landing gear, the second ramming attack
in history. He was able to land his own damaged Morane. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">In September 1915,
he was promoted to stabsrotmistr (captain) and transferred to the IXX Corp
Aviation Detachment, where he was able to fly a Nieuport 10 armed with an
obliquely mounted Maxim machine gun. Though this device was difficult to aim,
he was finally able to shoot down an enemy aircraft on 17 June 1916, followed
by several more successes. At the end of August, Kozahov commanded the 1st
Battle Aviation Group, which was formed from several Russian flying detachments
that were to be Russia’s first specialized fighter units. The units received
the Nieuport 11 and Nieuport 17 Scouts to fly. On 2 December 1916, Kozakov
scored his fifth air victory, becoming an ace. Kozakov scored his seventeenth
confirmed (plus three more unconfirmed) air victory on 26 November 1917. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The Bolshevik
Revolution caused Kozakov to leave the military in early 1918. Strongly
conservative in sentiment, when the civil war broke out he resisted the
repeated attempts of the Bolsheviks to pressure him into joining the Red Army
and instead rallied to the anticommunist Whites, joining the British
intervention forces at Murmansk in June 1918. The British promoted him to major
and appointed him commander of the Slavo-British air squadron. During July he
flew numerous air support sorties in the Sopwith Snipe against the Red forces
and was awarded the British Distinguished Flying Cross, in addition to the
numerous czarist medals he had been awarded. However, the anticommunist
movement in northern Russia was a lost cause. On 1 August 1919, just after
taking off from his airfield, Kozakov stalled and crashed in what witnesses
agreed appeared to be a suicide.</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">References</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Durkota, Alan,
Thomas Darcey, and Viktor Kulikov. <i>The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous
Pilots and Aircraft of World War I. </i>Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines
Press, 1995, pp. 58–71.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-20865287319368927352015-05-11T22:00:00.000-07:002015-05-11T22:00:08.695-07:00Ilya Muromets - Operational history<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yQtOjHmM9eQ/VVGC4VPbpRI/AAAAAAAAx4Q/Dc48F1DTIEo/s1600/Ilya%2BMuromets%2Bfights%2Boff%2Bnumerous%2Battackers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yQtOjHmM9eQ/VVGC4VPbpRI/AAAAAAAAx4Q/Dc48F1DTIEo/s400/Ilya%2BMuromets%2Bfights%2Boff%2Bnumerous%2Battackers.jpg" width="313" /> </a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">After World War I
commenced in 1914, Sikorsky went on to construct roughly 80 more of the giant
craft, which were pooled into an elite formation known as the Vozdushnykh
Korablei (Flying Ships) Squadron. On February 15, 1915, they commenced a
concerted, two-year bombardment campaign against targets along the eastern
fringes of Germany and Austria.</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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In August 1914, the Ilya Muromets was adopted by the
Imperial Russian Air Force. On 10 December 1914, the Russians formed their
first 10-bomber squadron, slowly increasing the number to 20 by the summer of
1916. During World War I, the Germans often refused to attack Ilya Muromets in
the air due to their defensive firepower. On 12 September 1916, the Russians
lost their first Ilya Muromets in a fight with four German Albatroses, three of
which it managed to shoot down. This was also the only loss to enemy action
during the war, while three others were damaged in combat, but managed to return
to base to be repaired.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The heavy bombers of other participants appeared in 1916,
all resembling the Russian pioneer to a certain degree. The Russian government
and Sikorsky himself sold the design and production license to the British and
the French. The Germans tried to copy its design, using the fragments of the
example they had shot down over their territory in September 1916.</div>
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<br /></div>
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By the end of 1916, the design was generally believed to
have exhausted itself. The ensuing modifications, such as additional armor,
made the aircraft too heavy and not worthy of upgrading. Even though the
English, French and German bombers were faster, Sikorsky decided to switch to a
new type of aircraft he would call the Alexander Nevsky.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The Russians built 73 Ilya Muromets bombers between 1913 and
1918. During this period, the Russians were the first in aviation history to
perform bombing from heavy bombers, bomber group raids on enemy targets, night
bombing and photographic bomb damage assessment. They were also the first to
develop defensive tactics for a single bomber engaged in an air combat with a
number of enemy fighters. Due to systematic weapon upgrades, the effectiveness
of bomb-dropping reached 90%. The Ilya Muromets performed more than 400 sorties
and dropped 65 tons of bombs during the war.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The last flight of an Ilya Muromets bomber took place in
1922 at the Air Shooting and Bomb-dropping School in Serpukhov.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The most common model of the Ilya Muromets was the S-23 V,
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of the 32 V aircraft.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LINK</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.moninoaviation.com/19a.html">http://www.moninoaviation.com/19a.html</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LINK</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.wio.ru/ww1a/im.htm">http://www.wio.ru/ww1a/im.htm</a></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-88863800516805898282015-05-11T21:58:00.001-07:002015-05-11T21:58:26.691-07:00Cam Deflectors<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kNwCxHWJFWA/VVGIV9Ns2MI/AAAAAAAAx54/GRSBplEtg7I/s1600/Scarff_Dibovsky_cam_gear.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kNwCxHWJFWA/VVGIV9Ns2MI/AAAAAAAAx54/GRSBplEtg7I/s400/Scarff_Dibovsky_cam_gear.png" width="181" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<i><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Lieutenant Victor
Dybovski, an officer of the Imperial Russian Navy, while serving as a member of
a mission to England to observe and report on British aircraft production
methods, suggested a synchronization gear of his own design. According to
Russian sources, this gear had already been tested in Russia, with mixed results,
although it is possible that the earlier Dybovski gear was actually a deflector
system rather than a true synchronizer.</span></b></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<i><b>
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<i><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">In any case,
Warrant Officer F. W. Scarff worked with Dybovski to develop and realize the
gear, which worked on the familiar cam and rider principle, the connection to
the gun being by the usual push rod and a rather complicated series of levers.
It was geared in order to slow the rate that firing impulses were delivered to
the gun (and hence improve reliability, although not the rate of fire).</span></b></i></div>
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<i><b>
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<i><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The gear was
ordered for the Royal Naval Air Service and followed the Vickers-Challenger
gear into production by a matter of weeks. It was more adaptable to rotary
engines than the Vickers-Challenger, but apart from early Sopwith 1½ Strutters
built to RNAS orders in 1916, and possibly some early Sopwith Pups, no actual
applications seem to have been recorded, and no patent was ever taken out.</span></b></i></div>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
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The Imperial Russian Air Service, in common with other World
War I air services, struggled to find a way of allowing a machine gun to fire safely
through the spinning propeller of an airplane. The Russian High Command was
tardy in realizing the necessity for arming its aircraft throughout 1914 and
1915, leaving frustrated aviators using such impromptu armaments as pistols,
rifles, trolled anchors and cables, and other makeshifts. Part of the delay was
caused by a paucity of light automatic weapons that an aircraft could lift.
However, it became apparent that the ability to aim both gun and aircraft
simultaneously was a great advantage in aerial combat.</div>
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<br /></div>
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In late 1915, Naval Lieutenant Victor Dybovsky of the 20th
KAO invented a system of cam plates mounted on an engine's crankshaft that
would prevent a machine gun from holing an airplane's propeller. Static tests
at the Lux Aircraft Works proved its feasibility by November 1915; towards the
end of the month, Morane-Saulnier G serial no. MS567 was forwarded to the 30th
KAO for field testing. Poruchik Mikhail Shadsky flew test flights on both 9 and
29 December; cold thickened the machine gun's lubricant both times, preventing
it from firing.</div>
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<br /></div>
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When testing restarted in April 1916, Shadsky had more
success. During April and May, he engaged the enemy about ten times. He shot
down Austro-Hungarian airplanes on both 23 and 24 May 1916, but crashed to his
death and the plane's destruction after the latter encounter. However,
production of the interrupter gear was never carried out. Instead, Dybovsky was
posted to England to inspect aircraft being constructed by the Royal Flying
Corps. He sold his patent to the British; it became the Scarff-Dybovxky system
used by the British. Thus it was that by April 1917, Russian had only a couple
of dozen fighter planes with synchronized guns.</div>
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<br /></div>
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In the interim, Praporshchik Victor Kulebakin was installing
cam deflectors on another Morane-Saulnier's crankshaft. Testing in July 1917
showed that the deflectors did indeed pop out from under the aircraft's cowling
to deflect any bullets that threatened the propeller. Although the modification
was simple enough it could be fabricated in a unit's workshops, it was not
widely used.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-84898777703773913722015-05-11T21:50:00.000-07:002015-05-11T21:50:27.592-07:00RUSSIAN NAVAL AIRCRAFT <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u38g_A4Wxz4/VVGGD6oeZxI/AAAAAAAAx5k/brKyq_y_QHM/s1600/M1M4M5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u38g_A4Wxz4/VVGGD6oeZxI/AAAAAAAAx5k/brKyq_y_QHM/s400/M1M4M5.jpg" width="285" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pdRGfLpLEjs/VVGGNRFSdxI/AAAAAAAAx5s/lis-i7s9itM/s1600/M11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="338" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pdRGfLpLEjs/VVGGNRFSdxI/AAAAAAAAx5s/lis-i7s9itM/s400/M11.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
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</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
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<span lang="EN-GB">By 1900 the Russian Imperial Navy had
adopted balloons to enhance scouting of enemy vessels. In the aftermath of
Russia’s defeat in the Russo–Japanese War of 1904–1905, during which its
Pacific and Baltic Fleets had been virtually annihilated, Grand Duke Alexander
Mikhailovich, an admiral in the navy and cousin to Tsar Nicholas II, saw
aircraft as a means of rebuilding Russian naval power. Impressed by Louis
Blériot’s cross-Channel flight, Alexander reallocated funds that had been raised
for building warships during the Russo–Japanese War to purchase airplanes from
France, to train Russian pilots, and to build a naval air school in the Crimea.
By 1912, the Russian Navy had organized air services for its Baltic and Black
Sea Fleets. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">By the time the war broke out in 1914, the
Russians possessed a small number of Sikorsky S-10 Hydro floatplanes, which had
entered service with the Baltic Fleet in the summer of 1913. The S-10 Hydro was
based on a land-based racing prototype, but it had a slightly larger wingspan
of 44 ft 11.3 in. (the top wing was approximately 16 ft longer than the bottom
wing), a length of 26 ft 3 in., and a loaded weight of 2,381 lbs. Its 100 hp
Argus inline motor could produce a maximum speed of 62 mph. They were used primarily
for unarmed reconnaissance in the Baltic. Only sixteen were produced because
the Russko-Baltiisky Vagonny Zaved placed a heavier priority on producing the
Sikorsky Ilya Muromets. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Even though Sikorsky had developed only one
seaplane that entered production, one of his leading rivals, Dimitry Pavlovich
Grigorovich, would build a series of flying boats while serving as chief
engineer of the Shchetinin works in St. Petersburg. At first Shchetinin
produced licensed-built Farman and Nieuport aircraft, but after making repairs
to a Donnet-Leveque Type A flying boat, Grigorovich designed a version of his
own that closely resembled it. After the Grigorovich M.5 flying boat was
introduced in the spring of 1915, production moved beyond the prototype stage with
approximately 100 M.5s being constructed. The M.5 had a wingspan of 44 ft 8
in., a length of 28 ft 3.25 in., and a loaded weight of 2,116 lbs. Powered by
either a 100 hp Clerget rotary engine or 100 hp Gnôme Monosoupape rotary engine
set in a pusher configuration, the M.5 could reach a maximum speed of 65 mph
and climb to a service ceiling of 3,300 m (10,826 ft). It had an endurance of 4
hours. The observer sat in the front cockpit in the nose of the hull and
operated a free-firing machine gun (various types were used). Small bombs were
also carried onboard. It was used primarily with the Russian Black Sea Fleet,
operating out of Russian coastal bases or from Russian seaplane carriers, the
hydrocruisers Imperator Nikolai I and Imperator Alexandr I, both of which could
carry six to eight M.5s. Its slow speed made in vulnerable to enemy fighters,
ultimately forcing it to be reallocated for service as a trainer. It would
continue in this latter role until 1925. </span></div>
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produced. With a wingspan of 52 ft 6 in., a length of 29 ft 6.25 in., and a
loaded weight of 3,395 lbs, the M.9 was larger and heavier than the M.5.
Because of Russia’s chronic shortage of engines, a variety were used on the
M.9. The most common was the 150 hp Salmson Canton-Unné radial motor, which was
set in a pusher configuration. Although it could reach a maximum speed of just
68 mph and it had a service ceiling of just 3,000 m (9,843 ft), the M.9 was
extremely seaworthy and proved to be highly effective for reconnaissance,
patrolling, and light bombing duties. It saw service in both the Baltic Sea and
the Black Sea, either operating from naval bases or from seaplane carriers. Although
designed for a three-man crew, it normally carried just a pilot and one
observer. It was protected with a pivot-mounted machine gun (a great variety
were used) in the nose compartment, and it also carried small bombs. After the
war, the M.9 was used effectively by the Red Army along the Volga during the
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<span lang="EN-GB">In 1917 Grigorovich introduced the M.11,
which proved to be his last flying boat to be produced in great numbers. With a
wingspan of 28 ft 8.4 in., a length of 24 ft 11 in., and a loaded weight of
2,041 lbs, the M.11 also provided some armor protection around the hull. Its
110 hp Le Rhône rotary engine, which was set in a pusher configuration,
provided a maximum speed of 92 mph and an endurance of 2 hours 40 minutes. It
would see service with both the Baltic Sea Fleet and the Black Sea Fleet. In
addition, a few were modified with skis for use on frozen lakes. Approximately
75 were produced before the Russian Revolution disrupted production.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">An upgraded version of the F.B.A Type C
flying boat, powered by a 130 hp Clerget 9B rotary motor, entered production in
early 1916. Most of these were sold to Italy and Russia. </span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-2606304586906207602015-05-11T21:46:00.001-07:002015-05-11T21:46:19.976-07:00RUSSIAN BOMBERS <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-GB">Although Russia was not as industrially
advanced as the other European powers, it would enter the First World War with
the world’s first four-engine aircraft, the Sikorsky Ilya Muromets. After
achieving success with a number of smaller aircraft, Igor Sikorsky joined the Russo-Baltic
Railroad Car Factory (Russko-Baltiisky Vagonny Zaved or R-BVZ) in the spring of
1912 and began designing a massive aircraft, the Bol’shoi Bal’tisky (the Great
Baltic), which had a wingspan of 88 ft and a length of 65 ft. Sikorsky had
originally intended to use just two 100 hp Argus inline engines. Although he
managed to take off on 2 March 1913, the Great Baltic proved to be
underpowered. Undeterred, Sikorsky added two additional motors, which were
installed in tandem with the first two, thereby providing both a tractor and
pusher configuration. Beginning in May 1913, Sikorsky made several test flights
in the Great Baltic, after which he reconfigured all of the engines to be on
the leading edge of the lower wing for a tractor design. This proved far more
successful, as indicated by a 2 August 1913 flight in which he carried eight
people aloft for more than 2 hours. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Sikorsky’s next version, which served as
the prototype of the wartime versions, was introduced in December 1913. It was
similar to the Great Baltic, but it had a much larger fuselage that could
accommodate up to sixteen passengers. By the spring of 1914, Sikorsky had
developed the S-22B, dubbed the “Ilya Muromets” after a famous medieval Russian
nobleman, it successfully completed a 1,600-mile round-trip flight between St.
Petersburg and Kiev in June 1914. With the outbreak of the war, the S-22B and
a sister aircraft were mobilized for service. An additional five were
constructed by December 1914 and organized as the Eskadra Vozdushnykh Korablei
(EVK) or Squadron of Flying Ships. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Because the first Ilya Muromets types had
been designed primarily to carry passengers, once the war began Sikorsky
started work on a slightly smaller version, the V-type, that could be used as a
bomber. Introduced in spring 1915, the V-type Ilya Muromets had a wingspan of
97 ft 9 in. and a length of 57 ft 5 in. Because of Russia’s chronic shortage of
engines, the R-BVZ was forced to rely upon a variety of engines for the V-type,
including at least one that used different sets of engines; two 140 hp Argus
and two 125 hp Argus inline engines. Of the thirty-two V-types produced,
twenty-two were powered by four 150 hp Sunbeam inline motors, which provided a
maximum speed of 68 mph. They had a loaded weight of 10,140 lbs, including a
bomb load of approximately 1,100 lbs. Its crew of five to seven members were
protected by free-firing machine guns. Three later versions were introduced
during the war: the G-type and D-type introduced in 1916, and the E-type
introduced in 1917. Of these, the E-type was the largest with a wingspan of 102
ft, a length of 61 ft 8 in., and a loaded weight of 15,500 lbs. Its four 220 hp
Renault inline engines could produce a maximum speed of 80 mph. The E-type
carried an eight-man crew, including two pilots, five gunners, and one
mechanic. At least eight were constructed during 1917. The E-type went on to
serve in the Red Air Force until 1924. The Sikorsky Ilya Muromets were sturdy,
rugged aircraft. Of the approximate eighty that were built, only one was shot
down by the enemy. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zcQ0rYZPQSw/VVGFdhEmaiI/AAAAAAAAx5E/xpdrRyFCQWQ/s1600/26ro.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zcQ0rYZPQSw/VVGFdhEmaiI/AAAAAAAAx5E/xpdrRyFCQWQ/s400/26ro.jpg" width="395" /></a></span></div>
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<i><b><span lang="EN-GB">Voisin
Type 3</span></b></i></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">In addition to the Ilya Muromets, Russia
used a number of British and French light bombers that were either imported or
were licensed-built by Russian manufacturers. The most numerous was the Voisin
Type 3, of which Russia purchased 800 from France and produced approximately
400 license-built versions. This included a total of ninety-eight produced by
the Lebedev factory in the last 2 years of the war. A few remained in service
with the Red Air Force as late as 1923.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-88893986499502573562015-05-11T21:40:00.002-07:002015-05-11T21:40:28.170-07:00Russian Fighter and Attack Aircraft<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gBPDnuqbC5s/VVGD9B0OsSI/AAAAAAAAx4k/jfWa4xQ1zvI/s1600/morane_I_russia_500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gBPDnuqbC5s/VVGD9B0OsSI/AAAAAAAAx4k/jfWa4xQ1zvI/s400/morane_I_russia_500.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i><b><span lang="EN-GB">Morane-Saulnier Type L monoplane</span> </b></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-M5YK7vgSyb8/VVGEEQ_I2VI/AAAAAAAAx4s/HmwocB8978Q/s1600/090-89j8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-M5YK7vgSyb8/VVGEEQ_I2VI/AAAAAAAAx4s/HmwocB8978Q/s400/090-89j8.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
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potential for a higher productive capacity, they were handicapped by their
reliance upon French engines, which could not easily be shipped into Russia
after Turkey entered the war. Although the Russians attempted to copy French
engine designs, their performance was generally poor. Nevertheless, Russian
companies produced almost 700 Nieuport fighters (the Nieuport 10 accounted for
325 of these and the Nieuport 11 accounted for 200). Dux would also build
approximately 400 Morane-Saulnier Type L monoplanes, which were used as both
armed reconnaissance aircraft and fighters, and approximately 100 SPAD VII fighters.
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wingspan of 27 ft 6 in., a length of 20 ft 4 in., and a loaded weight of 1,490
lbs, the S.16 was rather compact and lightweight for the time; unfortunately,
it was underpowered because Russia lacked sufficient 100 hp Gnôme Monosoupape
rotary engines, forcing it to be produced with an 80 hp Gnôme Monosoupape
rotary motor, which was capable of producing a maximum speed of just 73 mph and
reaching a service ceiling of 3,500 m (11,483 ft). Despite these deficiencies,
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synchronized machine gun, in this case a Colt machine gun. Because the
Russian-designed synchronization gear had a high failure rate, most pilots
rigged their own top-wing mounted gun. A total of 34 were produced prior to the
Russian Revolution. Those that remained in place after the Bolsheviks seized
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Russian, and Italian allies. An additional 240 Nieuport 10s were produced in
Italy by Societa Nieuport- Macchi and approximately 325 were built in Russia by
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Russia.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-79229228334327448352015-05-11T21:37:00.000-07:002015-05-11T21:37:35.880-07:00Russian Reconnaissance and Auxiliary Aircraft <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fA-YmaiIggw/VVGDUjfZf-I/AAAAAAAAx4Y/PS6TjHD6R5c/s1600/antraann.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fA-YmaiIggw/VVGDUjfZf-I/AAAAAAAAx4Y/PS6TjHD6R5c/s400/antraann.jpg" width="283" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Although Russia had produced the world’s
first large multiengine aircraft with the Ilya Muromet, which was used for
long-range reconnaissance, it had more in common with bombers and thus will be
discussed in that chapter. Its designer, Igor Sikorsky, had experimented with a
variety of smaller aircraft prior to 1914 and after the war, but only one of
these, the Sikorsky 16, which was intended as an escort for the Ilya Muromet,
entered production in limited numbers before the end of the war. As a result,
Russia had to rely primarily upon its prewar purchases of French aircraft (most
of which were obsolete by the start of the war), importing French and British
aircraft (which had to enter through the port of Archangel in the White Sea
after Turkey entered the war and closed the Turkish Straits), or producing
licensed-built foreign aircraft (which presented logistical problems in
procuring needed parts and supplies). Russia, however, eventually would have
some success in producing its own aircraft, of which the Anatra V.I, the Anatra
D and DS, and the Lebed 12 were the most important reconnaissance types. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Located in Odessa, Ukraine, the Anatra
factory began production in late 1915 of a modified Voisin pusher biplane, the
Anatra V.I (Voisin Ivanov), which was named after its Russian designer, Piotr
Ivanov. It had a wingspan of 48 ft 2 in., a length of 31 ft 2 in., and a loaded
weight of 2,656 lbs. The observer sat in the front seat of its plywood nacelle
and operated a mounted Colt machine gun. Powered by a 150 hp Salmson
Canton-Unné radial engine, it had a top speed of 78 mph and a service ceiling
of 3,500 m (11,482 ft). Approximately 150 were constructed up to 1917, and a
few remained in service during the Russian Civil War. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Although front-line pilots complained that
the Anatra V.I was difficult to fly, they would find the Anatra D and DS far
more to their liking. A tractor-driven aircraft that was modeled after the
German and Austro-Hungarian Aviatik, the Anatra D (or Anade) entered service in
1916. It had a wingspan of 37 ft 8 in., a length of 25 ft 3 in., and a loaded
weight of 1,910 lbs. In addition, it was protected by a rear-mounted Colt
machine gun. Powered by a 100 hp Gnôme rotary motor, it was capable of 82 mph
and could climb to 2,000 m (6,562 ft) in 15 minutes. Despite the abundance of
wood in Russia, the Anatra factory had such difficulty in obtaining quality
lumber that it eventually had to resort to manufacturing wing spars out of two
parts that overlapped and were glued and taped together. Needless to say, this
caused structural collapses in many of the 205 Anatra D aircraft that were
produced. An improved version, the Anatra DS, was introduced in the summer of
1917. It was powered by a 150 or 160 hp Salmson Canton-Unné radial engine,
capable of a maximum speed of 89.5 mph, and was armed with a forward-firing,
synchronized Vickers gun fired by the pilot and a rear-firing, ring-mounted
Lewis gun fired by the observer. Although the Anatra DS matched up well against
German and Austro-Hungarian fighters, the Russian Revolution disrupted and
limited production to approximately 100 aircraft. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Located in St. Petersburg, V. A. Lebedev Aeronautics
was organized prior to the war by Vladimir A. Lebedev. After building several
prototypes as well as licensed-built French aircraft, it began producing the
Lebed 11 and Lebed 12 after the Russian Imperial Air Service provided the
company with a captured Albatros C-type in 1915. Although only 10 Lebed 11
aircraft were produced, a total of 214 Lebed 12 aircraft were produced in 1916
and 1917. It had a wingspan of 43 ft 1 in., a length of 26 ft 1 in., and a
loaded weight of 2,678 lbs. Powered by a 150 hp Salmson Canton-Unné radial
motor, it was capable of reaching 83 mph and carrying a 220-lb bomb load. Armed
with an observer’s ring-mounted Colt gun, the Lebed 12 proved to be an
effective armed reconnaissance aircraft; unfortunately, it came too late in the
war to make a difference.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-76476917372722621042015-05-11T21:35:00.001-07:002015-05-11T21:35:42.405-07:00Air Power on the Eastern Front<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yQtOjHmM9eQ/VVGC4VPbpRI/AAAAAAAAx4Q/Dc48F1DTIEo/s1600/Ilya%2BMuromets%2Bfights%2Boff%2Bnumerous%2Battackers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yQtOjHmM9eQ/VVGC4VPbpRI/AAAAAAAAx4Q/Dc48F1DTIEo/s400/Ilya%2BMuromets%2Bfights%2Boff%2Bnumerous%2Battackers.jpg" width="313" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB"> <i><b>A Ilya Muromets defends itself!</b></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Even though the Imperial Russian Air
Service had entered the war with slightly more aircraft than did Germany, the
bulk were by and large obsolete foreign aircraft that the Russians would have a
difficult time finding spare parts for once Turkey entered the war on Germany
and Austria-Hungary’s side, thereby closing off the best access to Russia. The
lack of skilled mechanics made the maintenance problems even worse, resulting
in more Russian pilots dying from accidents in faulty planes than from aerial
combat. Despite the limitations of its equipment and its industrial base, the
Imperial Russian Air Service still managed to expand during the war. By the
summer of 1915 it fielded 553 aircraft divided among 58 units, but this was
hardly adequate for providing air cover along a front that stretched more than
1,000 km. In May 1916, for example, an average of seventy-two missions were
flown each day with each mission averaging just 58 minutes. Indeed, by 1916 the
Imperial Russian Air Service fielded more pilots than it had aircraft. The one
major success story for the Imperial Russian Air Service was its organization
of the Eskadra Vozdushnykh Korablei (EKV) or Squadron of Flying Ships, which
was organized around Igor Sikorsky’s Ilya Muromets and which provided excellent
service for long-range reconnaissance and bombing duties. Russia unfortunately
did not produce the Ilya Muromet in sufficient numbers to make a difference
before the Russian Revolution of 1917 brought aircraft production to a virtual
halt. With the outbreak of the Russian Civil War in the summer of 1918, the
Bolsheviks nationalized control over Russian aircraft factories and reorganized
Russia’s remaining aircraft within the Red Army into some 30 squadrons. The Red
Army would enjoy a major advantage in air power against the Whites, especially
with the use of the Grigorovich M.9 flying boats along the Volga River.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Statistics for Russian production are not
readily available on a year-by-year basis but a total of 5,300 aircraft were
built. Although Russia had introduced the world’s first large bomber, Igor
Sikorsky’s four-engine Ilya Muromets in 1913, and had twentyfour aircraft
manufacturers operating in 1914, the Russian aircraft industry lacked the
materials and personnel to replace the aircraft lost in 1914, much less fulfill
demands for new aircraft. In particular, Russia’s great weakness was its
reliance upon foreign engines. Although Russia produced 1,893 aircraft and
imported just 883 aircraft between August 1914 and November 1916, it produced
just 920 engines while importing 2,326 during the same period. Nevertheless,
Russia did experience some gains in productivity. By 1916, for example, 73
percent of its aircraft were delivered from domestic producers. Russian
factories unfortunately generally operated at below capacity because of supply
shortages. Whereas Russia reached a peak of 352 aircraft produced in February
1917, the outbreak of the Russian Revolution at the end of the month resulted
in a sharp decline in production and the virtual end of production by the time
Russia left the war in March 1918.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">By far the most important role of air power
on the Eastern Front was reconnaissance and observation. Indeed, air combat was
far rarer on the Eastern Front than was the case on the Western Front. Only 358
of Germany’s claim of 7,425 air victories occurred on the Eastern Front.
Because the Eastern Front was more fluid compared with the West, with such
breakthroughs as the German advance through Galicia in the spring and summer of
1915 making it more difficult to stabilize the front, pilots of reconnaissance
aircraft faced different challenges in that they were not always flying over
familiar terrain. Indeed, the vast scope of the front and the poor quality of
maps made it difficult for pilots to orient themselves. Nevertheless,
reconnaissance aircraft played an important role in many campaigns. Russian
photo-reconnaissance of Austro- Hungarian forces during the spring of 1916, for
example, contributed greatly to the initial success of the Brusilov Offensive
by allowing Russian artillery to knock out many of the Austro-Hungarian guns in
the preliminary barrage of 4 June, thereby clearing the way for the infantry
assault launched on 5 June. Russia unfortunately lacked the resources to exploit
its breakthrough before German reinforcements arrived. The outbreak of the
Russian Revolution in March 1917 tilted air power on the Eastern Front
decisively in Germany’s favor by almost completely disrupting Russia’s
fledgling aircraft industry. A combination of Russian deserters and German
aerial reconnaissance gave the Germans plenty of advance knowledge of Russia’s
last offensive in the war—the ill-fated Kerensky Offensive launched on 1 July
1917. Although the Russians achieved initial success against Austro-Hungarian
forces, they were caught totally off guard by a well-planned German
counteroffensive. The ensuing military collapse of the Russian Army contributed
to the Bolshevik Revolution on 7 November and ultimately to the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk (3 March 1918), by which Russia left the war.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Alexander
Kazakov</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Kazakov entered the Russian Imperial Air
Service in February 1915 and quickly gained notoriety on 18 March 1915 when he
attempted to snag a German Albatros two-seater with a weighted grapnel on a suspended
cable, only to ram it with his own plane and force it down. Promoted to command
a squadron, Kazakov would win seventeen victories by the time Russia left the
war. He went on to shoot down fifteen Red Army aircraft while flying for the
Whites during the Russian Civil War before dying in a crash landing on 3 April
1919.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-39037963491649662112015-05-11T21:34:00.001-07:002015-05-11T21:34:11.684-07:00Prewar Russian Military Aviation<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Whereas the prewar Russian military has
generally been depicted as being technologically backward compared with the
other great powers, this was not entirely true when it came to air power. After
Louis Blériot’s flight across the English Channel in 1909, Tsar Nicholas II’s
cousin, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, played an instrumental role in
promoting aviation in Russia and was named the first commander of the
Department of the Air Fleet, soon known as the Russian Imperial Air Service. In
addition to raising funds for the purchase of French Blériots and Farmans,
Grand Duke Mikhail sent Russian military officers to France for pilot training.
By 1911, the Volkov Field Balloon School outside St. Petersburg had been
expanded to include airplanes. Because harsh Russian winter conditions
resistricted the length of training, Grand Duke Mikhail saw the need to
relocate to the warmer climate of the Crimea, opening the Sevastopol School of
Aeronautics for army and navy officers. More significant, Russia possessed an
innovative aircraft designer of its own in Igor Sikorsky, who prior to the
First World War had designed one of the world’s first successful, large
multiengine aircraft, the four-engine Ilya Muromet, which in June 1914
successfully completed a 1,600-mile round-trip flight from St. Petersburg to
Kiev. As will be indicated later, however, Russia unfortunately lacked the
industrial infrastructure needed to fulfill its own aircraft needs once the war
began.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">In terms of aircraft attached to the armies
that were being mobilized in 1914 (e.g., naval aircraft will be considered
later), perhaps the best estimates are that Germany mobilized approximately 250
airplanes and 9 airships, compared with France with 141 airplanes and 4
airships, Russia with 244 airplanes and 14 airships, Great Britain with 63
airplanes attached to the British Expeditionary Force, and Austria-Hungary with
approximately 50 airplanes. With the exception of Sikorsky’s Ilya Muromet,
Russia’s aircraft were qualitatively inferior because most were older aircraft
of foreign design that had already been decommissioned elsewhere, and the great
variety of aircraft employed by the Russians created a logistical nightmare in
terms of procuring parts and engines. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Russia, although possessing an excellent
aircraft in the Ilya Muromets, relied heavily upon imported French motors for
its domestically produced aircraft as well as on French aircraft that had
become obsolete on the Western Front.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-58470017817980966572015-05-06T23:12:00.003-07:002015-05-06T23:12:41.002-07:00Russian Flying Colours<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e3fyHVWr_cc/VUr_m9PKBFI/AAAAAAAAxH4/XADqPmTk6xM/s1600/srtyu1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e3fyHVWr_cc/VUr_m9PKBFI/AAAAAAAAxH4/XADqPmTk6xM/s1600/srtyu1.jpg" height="640" width="312" /></a></div>
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<span id="goog_1036360324"></span><span id="goog_1036360325"></span><span id="goog_1964451188"></span><span id="goog_1964451189"></span><br />Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6184776189656561499.post-42409718960894635642015-05-04T01:25:00.001-07:002015-05-04T01:25:43.232-07:00Book Review: The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots and Aircraft of World War I (Alan Durkota, Thomas Darcey and Victor Kulikov)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IQeEcCgq5Pw/VUcs22iIEMI/AAAAAAAAxFE/8j1pfbEYbXI/s1600/fdtdfhrthr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IQeEcCgq5Pw/VUcs22iIEMI/AAAAAAAAxFE/8j1pfbEYbXI/s400/fdtdfhrthr.jpg" width="303" /></a></div>
<br />
THE IMPERIAL RUSSIAN AIR SERVICE: FAMOUS PILOTS AND AIRCRAFT OF WORLD WAR I<br />
<br />Aviation history enthusiasts have long had limited access to the few works dealing with Russian aviation history for the periodleading up to and including World War I. The average Russian knew only what the Communist Party allowed him to knowabout imperial Russian aviation, which was very little.<br />
<br />A small group of scholars in the West, including the late Jean Alexander and Harry Woodman of England, and Dr. J. Kipp andVon Hardesty in America, began to study the era and publish their research on early Russian aviation. They were assisted intheir work by the recollections of a few early Russian aviators who had managed to escape from the Bolsheviks and who tookup residence in Europe and America. Among them was my father, the late Igor I. Sikorsky.<br />
<br />As a young boy, I was fortunate enough to meet many of these Russian airmen and engineers when they visited with my father.Men like Alexander Seversky, Boris Sergievsky and Vadym V. Utgoff are "bigger-than-life" childhood memories. I clearlyremember my first airplane ride in a Sikorsky S-38, seated on my father's lap in the co-pilot's seat with the charismaticSergievsky at the controls. I was about 7 years old.<br />
<br />Wandering through The Imperial Russian Air Service not only brought these unique people back to life but also told memuch about their early careers in Russia. This 560-page book has more than 600 rare photographs, scale drawings of over 40different aircraft, and 48 pages of color illustrations. In addition, the book is nicely divided into several sections, which makes it easier for the reader to cross-check between subject chapters. I understand that more than 10 years of research went into thisbook. Knowing how difficult it was (and often still is) to extract historical information and photographs from the former SovietUnion, I am impressed by the extent of detailed information that the authors were able to gather.<br />
<br />The first sections of the book review the army, navy and EVK (bomber) branches of the Imperial Russian Air Service in abrief and easily understood manner that clarifies both the organizational and operational aspects of a little-known militaryservice. The "Russian Aces" section covers, in considerable detail, the aviation careers of some 17 World War I Russianpilots. The amount of information on these early airmen is remarkable. The section covering French aviators who earned acestatus while flying for Imperial Russian Air Services is equally good.<br />
<br />The "Distinguished Russian Pilots" section details the aviation careers of many Russian aviators, not all of them aces, who madesignificant contributions to aviation in Europe and America, as well as in Russia. This section was of particular interest to me,since I had met a number of these pilots in my youth.<br />
<br />In the "Famous Russian Aircraft Designers" section, a great deal of detailed data on the work of Dimitri Grigorovich andSikorsky is presented. The section on Russian aircraft manufacturers is also packed with much valuable information, some ofwhich I believe is being presented for the first time in the English language. The 48-page color section shows the colors andmarkings of a great variety of Russian Air Service aircraft, as well as individual aircraft markings and decorations. An addedbonus is the inclusion of three paintings by renowned aviation artist James Dietz, adding a touch of action to the beautifullycrafted, three-view designs of Alan Durkota.<br />
<br />The book's final sections are appendices that cover Imperial Russian awards, lighter-than-air aviation, combat victory tablesfrom each aviator in the book, and nearly 60 pages of three-view drawings by Ian Stair and Harry Woodman.<br />
<br />In short, this book is an overview of the birth and organization of the Russian Imperial Air Service, the production plantscreated to supply it with aircraft, and some of the earliest Russian aeronautical engineers who prevailed despite the officialopinion that French and British designs were superior. In addition to the technical data, the book provides a unique source ofinformation on the men who flew those aircraft during World War I, the forgotten aces of that war. It is a valuable addition toany serious collection of aviation history.<br /><b>Sergei Sikorsky </b>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0